Afterload
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
Anaphylactic shock
Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis
An unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to foreign protein or other substances.
Aneurysm
A swelling or enlargement of a part of an artery, resulting from weakening of the arterial wall.
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and sweating.
Cardiogenic shock
Shock caused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump failure.
Compensated shock
The early stage of shock, in which the body can still compensate for blood loss.
Cyanosis
Bluish color of the skin resulting from poor oxygenation of the circulating blood.
Decompensated shock
The late stage of shock when blood pressure is falling.
Dehydration
Loss of water from the tissues of the body.
Distributive shock
A condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both.
Edema
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area.
Homeostasis
A balance of all systems of the body.
Hypothermia
A condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95 degrees F.
Hypovolemic shock
Shock cause by fluid or blood loss.
Irreversible shock
The final stage of shock, resulting in death.
Myocardial contractility
The ability of the heart muscles to contract.
Neurogenic shock
Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation.
Obstructive shock
Shock that occurs when there is is a block to blood flow in the heart or great vessels, causing an insufficient blood supply to the body's tissues.
Perfusion
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs.
Preload
The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up.
Psychogenic shock
Shock caused by a sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting (syncope).
Sensitization
Developing a sensitivity to a substance that initially caused no allergic reaction.
Septic shock
Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Shock
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every body part to perform its function; also called hypoperfuison.
Sphincters
Circular muscles that encircle and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening.
Syncope
Fainting.
Blood flow through the capillary beds is regulated by:
The capillary sphincters.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions such as:
Sweating, digestion, and constriction and dilation of capillary sphincter.
Regulation of blood flow is determined by:
Cellular need.
Perfusion requires having a working cardiovascular system as well as:
Adequate oxygen exchange in the lungs, adequate nutrients in the form of glucose in the blood, and adequate waste removal.
The action of hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulates ____ to maintain pressure in the system and, as a result, perfusion of all vital organs.
An increase in heart rate, an increase in the strength of cardiac contractions, and vasoconstriction in nonessential areas.
Basic causes of shock include:
Poor pump function, blood or fluid loss, and blood vessel dilation.
Noncardiovascular causes of shock include respiratory insufficiency and:
Anaphylaxis.
_____ develops when the heart muscle can no longer generate enough pressure to circulate the blood to all organs.
Cardiogenic shock.
Neurogenic shock usually results from damage to the spinal cord at the:
Cervical level.
In septic shock:
There is an insufficient volume of fluid in the container, the fluid that has leaked out often collects in the respiratory system, and there is a larger than normal vascular bed to contain the smaller than normal volume of intravascular fluid.
Neurogenic shock is cause by:
A radical change in the size of the vascular system.
Hypovolemic shock is a result of:
Low volume.
An insufficient concentration of ____ in the blood can produce shock as rapidly as vascular causes.
Oxygen.
In anaphylactic shock, the combination of poor oxygenation and poor perfusion is a result of:
Widespread vasodilation.
You should suspect shock in all of the following except:
A. a mild allergic reaction
B. multiple severe fractures
C. a severe infection
D. abdominal or chest injury
A mild allergic reaction.
When treating a suspected shock patient, vital signs should be recorded approximately every ____ minutes.
5
The golden period refers to the first 60 minutes after:
The injury occurs.
Signs of cardiogenic shock include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. Cyanosis
B. Strong, bounding pulse
C. Nausea
D. Anxiey
Strong, bounding pulse.
____ is a sudden reaction of the nervous system that produces temporary vascular dilation and fainting.
Psychogenic shock.
Shock is the result of:
Hypoperfusion to the cells of the body.
One of the primary waste products of normal cellular metabolism that must be removed from the body by the lungs is:
Carbon dioxide.
When perfusion to the core of the body decreases:
Blood is shunted away from the skin.
Which of the following injuries would MOST likely cause obstructive shock?
A. simple pneumothorax
B. spinal cord injury
C. liver laceration
D. cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade.
Which of the following MOST accurately descibes septic shock?
A. viral infection of the blood vessels, vascular damage, and vasoconstriction
B. bacterial damage to the vessel wall, leaking blood vessels, and vasodilation
C. widespread vasoconstriction and
Bacterial damage to the vessel wall, leaking blood vessels, and vasodilation.
Neurogenic shock occurs when:
Failure of the nervous system causes widespread vasodilation.
Temporary, widespread vasodilation and syncope caused by a sudden nervous system reaction MOST accurately describes:
Psychogenic shock.
When assessing a patient with signs and symptoms of shock, it is MOST important to remember that:
Blood pressure may be the last measurable factor to change in shock.
Clinical signs of compensated shock include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. restlessness or anxiety
B. rapid, shallow breathing
C. cool and clammy skin
D. absent peripheral pulses
Absent peripheral pulses.
A 25-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her chest when her car hit a tree while traveling at a high rate of speed. She has signs and symptoms of shock, which you suspect are the result of intrathoracic bleeding. Which of the follo
Rapid transport to a trauma center.
A construction worker fell approximately 30 feet. He is semiconscious with rapid, shallow respirations. Further assessment reveals deformity to the thoracic region of his spine. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, his pulse is 66 beats/min and weak, and hi
Assisted ventilation, thermal management, and elevation of the lower extremities.