FBI defines it as "the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
Terrorism. (Limmer & O'keefe)
2 types of terrorism as defined by FBI
Domestic and international. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Chemical attacks stand for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive agents
CBRNE. (Limmer & O'keefe)
CBRNE agents are also known as
WMD weapons of mass destruction. (Limmer & O'keefe)
When analyzing a possible incident you may thing OTTO which means
Occupancy and location, Type of event, Timing of the event, On-scene warning signs. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The acronym TRACEM-P (Thermal, Radiological, Asphyxiation, Chemical, Etiological, Mechanical, and Psychological) can be utilized to
Implement self-protection measures. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The radiological penetrating power of gamma rays, can penetrate as deep as ----while alpha particles penetrate ---and beta particles penetrate ----
Gamma rays-Lead/ Alpha-particles-paper/ and beta particles-skin/. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Normal breathing requires an oxygen concentration of
19.5 (Limmer & O'keefe)
This refers to harm caused by either extreme heat, such as that generated by burning liquids or metals, or extreme cold form cryogenic materials such as liquid oxygen. Radiant heat can melt protective clothing and other equipment if an individual is too n
Thermal harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Refers to danger form alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays, which are generally produced by sources such as nuclear fuels, byproducts of nuclear power production, or nuclear bombs.
Radiological harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
This is caused by a lack of oxygen in the atmosphere. One common cause of this is heavier-than-air gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, or chemical vapors in a confined space.
asphyxiation. (Limmer & O'keefe)
This harm is posed by toxic or corrosive materials. These can include acids such as sulfuric acid, caustics such as lye, and chemical toxins ranging from cyanides to nerve agents.
Chemical harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
This is any sort of physical trauma such as gunshot wounds, slip-trip-and-fall injuries, and injury form bomb fragments or shrapnel.
Mechanical harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Concerns the causes of disease. These can include acids such as sulfuric acid, caustics such as lye, and chemical toxins ranging from cyanides to nerve agents
Etiological harm . (Limmer & O'keefe)
Protection of the Emergency Medical Responder is based on avoiding or minimizing exposure through the principles of
Time, distance, and shielding. (Limmer & O'keefe)
This can, of course, result from any violent or traumatic event. Terrorist events are designed to create fear, invoke panic, reduce faith in government, and (as the name indicates) cause terror.
Psychological harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Protection of the emergency medical response is based on avoiding or minimizing exposure through the principles of
Time, distance, and shielding. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Obtain a weather report from the dispatch enter when responding to suspected chemical incidents and approach the incident
Upwind form any potential airborne chemicals. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Secondary harm since many chemical reactions create heat.
Thermal harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Secondary harm form chemical incidents because some chemical reactions may deplete oxygen or create gases that displace oxygen
Asphyxiation. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The primary harm from chemical incidents and include a wide variety of effects such as corrosivity and reactivity
Chemical harms. (Limmer & O'keefe)
This is the secondary harm that must be taken into account because corrosive chemicals like strong acids can weaken structural elements
Mechanical harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
This is a secondary harm because many individuals will react emotionally to a possible chemical exposure
Psychological harm. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Single cell organisms can grow in a variety of environments.
Bacteria. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Smallest known entities capable of reproduction. They only grow inside of living cells and cause those cells to produce more
Viruses. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Poisons produced by living organisms.
Toxins. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The dose or concentration of an agent multiplied by the time, or duration
Exposure. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Biological agents can enter the body through four rout3es
Absorption, ingestion, injection and inhalation. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Pathways into the body, generally by absorption, ingestion, injection, or inhalation
Routes of entry. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Contact with or presence of a material that is present where it does not belong and that is somehow harmful to persons, animals, or the environment.
Contamination. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The movement of a substance through a surface or, on a molecular level, through intact materials; penetration, or spreading.
Permeation. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Spreading
Dissemination. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The most effective and most common means of dissemination is to enable the material to enter through the
Respiratory tract. (Limmer & O'keefe)
These chemical agents predominately respiratory irritants can be found not only as weaponized materials but also as commonly encountered industrial chemicals.
Choking agents. (Limmer & O'keefe)
These agents cause chemical changes in the cells of exposed tissues almost immediately on contact. However, in many cases, the effects are not felt or realized until hours after the exposure
Vesicanting agents (blister agents). (Limmer & O'keefe)
Formerly referred to as "blood agents," these actually have no impact on the blood. They work by preventing the use of oxygen within the body's cells and therefore are cellular asphyxiants
Cyanides. (Limmer & O'keefe)
These agents inhibit an enzyme that is critical to proper nerve transmission, allowing the parasympathetic nervous system to run out of control.
Nerve agents. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Stronger versions of common pesticides form the organophosphate family and are easily absorbed through the skin
Nerve agents. (Limmer & O'keefe)
They produce the signs and symptoms that make up the mnemonic SLUDGEM
Nerve agents. (Limmer & O'keefe)
These agents include irritating materials and lacrimators (tear-flow increasers).
Riot control agents. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The primary concern for all biological agents is -----if the agent is transmitted from human to human.
Personal protection. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The role of EMS in patient care and treatment for patients suffering from biological agent exposure will be primarily
Supportive in nature. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Features that influence biological agents potential for use as weapons are
Infectivity, virulence, toxicity, incubation period, transmissibility, lethality, stability. (Limmer & O'keefe)
This quality of an agent reflects the relative ease with which the microorganisms involved establish Themselves in a host species.
The infectivity of an agent (Limmer & O'keefe)
An agent's ----- reflects the relative severity of the disease produced by a microorganism.
Virulence. (Limmer & O'keefe)
An agent' s---reflects the relative severity of the illness or incapacitation produced by a toxin
Toxicity. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The time between exposure and the appearance of symptoms is known as
Incubation period. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The relative ease with which an agent is passed from person to person constitutes the principal concern
Transmissibility. (Limmer & O'keefe)
Reflects the relative ease with which an agent causes death in a susceptible population
Lethality. (Limmer & O'keefe)
The viability of a biological agent is affected by various environmental factors, including temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pollution, ultraviolet light, and sunlight.
Stability. (Limmer & O'keefe)