Chapter 9

Upper airway consist of______

Nose
Mouth
Jaw
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Pharynx(what is it and parts)

Muscular tube extending from nose and mouth to level of esophagus and trachea
Composed, from top to bottom, of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Oropharynx

Posterior portion of the oral cavity
Entrance for respiratory and digestive system
Superior to the larynx is the epiglottis.

Lower Airway

Function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Includes:
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Ventilation ,Respiration , Oxygenation

Physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
Process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in bloodstream
Actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues of the body

External respiration (pulmonary respiration)

Breathes fresh air into respiratory system
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries

Internal respiration

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic circulatory system and cells

Ataxic respirations

Irregular or unidentifiable pattern
May follow serious head injuries

Oropharyngeal airways

Indications include:
Unresponsive patients with a gag reflex
Apneic patients being ventilated with a bag-mask device
Contraindications include:
Conscious patients
Any patient who has an intact gag reflex

Nasopharyngeal airways

Indications:
Semiconscious or unconscious patients with an intact gag reflex
Patients who will not tolerate an oropharyngeal airway
Contraindications:
Severe head injury with blood in the nose
History of fractured nasal bone

Oxygen delivery system(3)

Nonrebreathing masks(10-15l/min)
Bag-mask devices
Nasal cannulas(1 to 6 L/min)

CPAP

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure :
Increases pressure in the lungs
Opens collapsed alveoli
Pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane
Forces interstitial fluid back into the pulmonary circulation
Therapy is delivered through a face mask held to th

Breathing is controlled by an area in the:
lungs.
brain stem.
spinal cord.
diaphragm.

Brain stem

The EMT should assess a patient's tidal volume by:
observing for adequate chest rise.
assessing the facial area for cyanosis.
counting the patient's respiratory rate.
measuring the patient's oxygen saturation

observing for adequate chest rise.

In an otherwise healthy individual, the primary stimulus to breathe is a(n):
increased level of oxygen in the blood.
decreased level of oxygen in the blood.
increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
decreased level of carbon dioxide in the blood

increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Signs of adequate breathing in the adult include all of the following, EXCEPT:
pink, warm, dry skin.
shallow chest rise.
symmetrical chest movement.
a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min.

shallow chest rise.

During insertion of an oropharyngeal airway into an unconscious patient, she begins to vomit. Immediately, the first thing you should do is:
turn the patient on her side.
remove the airway at once.
suction the patient's mouth.
use a smaller sized oral air

turn the patient on her side.

In which of the following patients would a nasopharyngeal airway be contraindicated?
A semiconscious patient with a gag reflex
An unconscious patient with an intact gag reflex
A patient who fell 20 feet and landed on his or her head
An unconscious patient

A patient who fell 20 feet and landed on his or her head

You are delivering oxygen to a patient with a nasal cannula at 4 L/min when he begins to complain of a burning sensation in his nose. You should:
A. remove the nasal cannula.
B. apply a nonrebreathing mask.
C. attach an oxygen humidifier.
D. increase the

C. attach an oxygen humidifier.

A patient is found unconscious after falling from a third floor window. His respirations are slow and irregular. You should:
place him in the recovery position.
apply oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.
suction his airway for up to 15 seconds.
assist his br

assist his breathing with a bag-mask device.

When ventilating an apneic adult with a bag-mask device, you should squeeze the bag:
until it is empty.
over a period of 2 seconds.
at a rate of 20 breaths/min.
until visible chest rise is noted

until visible chest rise is noted.

You and your partner are ventilating an apneic adult when you notice that his stomach is becoming distended. You should:
suction his airway for up to 15 seconds.
reposition his head and use cricoid pressure.
increase the rate and volume of your ventilatio

reposition his head and use cricoid pressure.