Overpopulation
a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Census
A complete enumeration of a population.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Physilogical Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
demographic transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more pe
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Maternal Mortality Rate
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
dependency ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Elderly support ratio
The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older.
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Transition
The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
4 population clusters (2/3 of the worlds population live here)
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia.
Geographers ask
where and why
geographers might characterize a country as overpopulated when
The population numbers less than one million, but there is concern that the country's natural resources are adequate for only half that number.
single most important data source for population geography
census
The Earth area of permanent human settlement is called the
Ecumene and this has INCREASED
If the physiological density is much larger than the arithmetic density, then a country
has
a small percentage of land suitable for agriculture
fecund
capable of producing offspring
replacement level
2.1 RNI; the necessary level for a population to sustain itself but not grow or decline
World NIR
1.2%; the world population increases by about 90 million per year
record high NIR
2.2%
stage 1 of demographic transition
high birth and death rates and low NIR (NO COUNTRY IS IN THIS STAGE)
stage 2 of demographic transition
high birth rate declining death rate and high NIR (very pyramid looking) �industrial and medical revolution �developing countries
stage 3 of demographic transition
rapidly high birth rate declining death rate moderate NIR
stage 4 of demographic transition
low birth rate and low death rate and NIR=0 �developed countries
World's Doubling Time
54 years
China and India encourage
SMALL FAMILIES
sex ratio in developed/developing countries
105:100
Sex ratio in China and India
112:100
Stage 1 of Epidemiological Transition
pestilence and famine- infections and sickness killed many
Stage 2 of Epidemiological Transition
stage of receding pandemics; primarily due to poor nutrition, low sanitation and few available medicines in the environment
Stage 3 of Epidemiological Transition
degenerative, human caused diseases; decrease in deaths caused by infectious diseases and an increase in deaths associated with chronic diseases caused by aging; cardiovascular diseases and various forms of cancer
Stage 4 of Epidemiological Transition
delayed degenerative diseases; people still have the degenerative diseases but are able to expand their life expectancy through medical advances �also obesity
the maternal mortality rate is _________ in the US than other developed countries
higher
low infant mortality rate
better pre-and post natal care
Dr. John Snow
(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic
The most lethal epidemic in recent years has been
AIDS
Thomas Malthus
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
Neo-Malthusians
group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources
stage 5 demographic transition
very low CBR, increasing CDR, negative NIR
Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition
evolution, poverty, globalization
Ester Boserup
The Danish economist (1910-1999) who challenged the Neo-Malthusians
ways to lower CBR in developing countries
education , healthcare and family planning