Chapter 4 Q&A

The energy of motion is called _________ energy.

kinetic

The conclusion that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe is

the second law of thermodynamics.

How is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?

Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine.

The energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction is called the

activation energy

Any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

is an endothermic process

In a typical power plant, the combustion of a fuel is used to boil water. The steam then causes a turbine to spin. At this stage, the potential energy of the fuel has been transformed into _________ energy of the spinning turbine

mechanical

In which example is the entropy of the initial state lower than the entropy of the final state?

A pot of water boils to produce water vapor at 100�C

Which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics?

In any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase.

Which common process on earth is endothermic?

The production of oxygen by photosynthesis

According to current estimates, the fuel in greatest abundance on earth is

Coal

Which is an advantage of using coal over petroleum as a source of energy in the United States?

Coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as

distillation

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the

cracking and reforming processes.

Cracking is

the breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones.

A gasoline's octane rating is a measure of the

gasoline's resistance to causing knocking in a vehicle's engine.

The general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material is

biomass

Which of these statements about biodiesel is not true?

Biodiesel has been withdrawn from several states due to health concerns

Which is not true about energy conservation within the United States?

Over the past two decades, industrial production has increased substantially, whereas the associated energy consumption has gone down

Which statement is false?

Isomers are molecules with different molecular formulas but with the same chemical property.

Why crude oil undergoes a process like thermal cracking?

To convert the heavy tarry crude oil molecules into smaller ones useful for gasoline and diesel fuel.

What is the calorimeter?

It is a device used to measure the quantity of heat released in a combustion reaction

A chemical reaction accompanied by a release of energy is called a/an ______ reaction

exothermic

The process by which the atoms within a molecule are rearranged, usually starting with linear molecules and producing ones with more branches is known as

catalytic reforming

In the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do?

It separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points.

Which statement is false?

Octane rating was developed to designate a particular gasoline's resistance to knocking. And iso-octance has been assigned an octane rating of zero.

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of ______ energy.

potential

Which one is not fossil fuel?

Wood

According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is neither created nor destroyed.

True

Exothermic" is a term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the absorption of heat.

False

A coal-burning power plant generate electrical power at a rate of 500 megawatts or 5.00x10'8 J/s. The plant has an overall efficiency of 43.5% (0.435) for the conversion of heat to electricity. Assuming the power plant burns coal that releases heat at an

3.31x10'9 g