abduction
Movement away from the midline
adduction
MOVEMENT TOWARD THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY
circumduction
a circular movement of a limb or eye
rotation
moving a body part around a central axis
dorsiflexion
bending the foot upwards towards the ankle jount
plantar flexion
bending the foot downward at the ankle
eversion
turning the foot outward at the ankle joint so the sole of the foot is pointing outward
inversion
turning the foot outward at the ankle joint so the sole of the foot is pointing inward
flexion
bending a joint
extension
straightening a joint
pronation
pointing a body part downward
supination
pointing a body part upwards
distraction
bone fragments, separated, fills with granulated tissue
avascular necrosis
death to a bone . no blood supply
compound fracture
open fracture
delayed union
Used to describe an increase in the healing time of fractures. The reasons are pathalogical (osteoporosis), mechanical (distraction of the fracture site or inadequate immobilization), or traumatic, referring to the type of injury sustained.
comminuted fracture
fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
nonunion
Fractured bones ends do not unite.
malunion
Occurs when the fracture heals in a position that does not resemble the original anatomical form of the bone and alters the mechanical funtion of the bone.
compartmental syndrome
An increase in pressure within a closed space. The fractured ends of the bone cause excess pressure that leads to neurovascular compromise. True emergency
hyoid bone
Just below the mandible and anterior to the trachea
first cervical bone
atlas
axis
second cervical bone
clavicles
articulated medially with the manubrium and laterally with the acromion process of the scapula
scapula
posterior surface is divided into equal portions by a spine or ridge of bone. this spine leads to the acromion process and the coracoid process
scapula
the acromion process articulates with the clavicle and provides attachments for muscles of the arm and chest
pectoral girdle
consists of the glenohumeral, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular (AC) joints
rotator cuff
surrounding the shoulder joint are four muscles collectively referred to as the
four muscles of the rotator cuff
infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, supraspinatus
to provide stability and strength to the shoulder joint
the main function of the rotator cuff is
humerus
the upper end is the smooth rounded ball that fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula
circular pelvis consists of
sacrum, coccyx, pelvic girdle, and provides support for the trunk and attachments for the femur
pubis
anterior portion of the pelvis
hip
ball and socket joint formed by the acetabulum
patella
a sesamoid bone contained within the quadriceps tendon
PCL and ACL
two large ligaments located in the knee joint help stabilize the movement of the joint
PCL
prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia, prevents hyperextension of the knee, limits the medial rotation of the femur
ACL
prevents the femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia
tibia
located on the medial side, shin bone, distally articulates with the talus bone forming part of the ankle joint
fibula
located on the lateral side, non-weight bearing bone, lateral malleolus articulates with the talus bone to form the other portion of the ankle joint
pneumatic tourniquet
extremity will be exsanguinated by elevating the extremity and wrapping, distally to proximally, with an Ace or Esmarch bandage prior to inflating the tourniquet
traction
used to immobilize a joint, reduce a fracture, and or align a body part
manual, skin, skeletal
three types of traction
skeletal traction
sterile procedure
laminar air flow
provides highly filtered air in a uni-direction flow with continuous air exchanges to help reduce microbial count
oscillating saw blade
moves side-to-side
moves back-and-forth
reciprocating saw blade
frequently used alloys in implants
titanium, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium
implants
should never be reused
gelfoam, avitene, thrombin, bonewax
hemostatic agents in ortho surgery
steroids
used for anti-inflammatory action
osteoclasts
large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
cortical bone
hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone
cancellous bone
spongy bone found at the ends of bone and lining the medullary marrow cavity
epephysis
wide end of long bone. composed of canellous bone. make the joint area of a bone
epiphyseal plate
the area of active bone growth in growing bone
irregular bones
skull, face and vertibrae
sesamoid
found within tendons. patella and ball of foot
amphiarthrosis
a disk of fibrous cartilage onnects the joint. vertebral cartilage and symphysis pubis
1st part of bone healing
fracture hematoma serves as a foundation for the cellular proliferation stage
false ribs
remaining 5 pair that cartilage do not directly connect to the sternum
arthroscopic equipment needed in every case
video monitor, light source, arthroscopy pump and tubing for fluids, powered shaving system, camera system,video recording system, photograph system
PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
bone cement
suture used to attach tendon to bone
polyester (package orange, suture teal)
iliac crest
optimal source for obtaining autogenous cancellous and cortical bone for use in bone grafting
gouges, osteotomes, curettes, mallet, power saw
instruments used for taking bone graft
arthroscopic repair of meniscal tear
preservation of as much of the cartilage as possible
known as Bucket Handle
most common tear of the menisas
fixation devices for ACL repair
bone screws, staples, spiked washers, buttons
notchplasty procedure
portion of the ACL that remains is debribed using a full radius resector to the arthroscopic shaver
notchplasty procedure
performed using a 4.5mm srthroplasty bur, osteotome, and rasp
notchplasty procedure
widens the anterior portion of the intercondylar notch to prevent impingement on the ACL graft
tibial aiming device
positioned and the guide pin is inserted on the anterior tibial incision into the intercondylar notch, just medial to the site of ACL attachment to the tibia
patellar tendon harvest and preaeration
surgeon uses a marker or cautery to outline a 1 inch long patellar and tibial bone plug
simitendinosis. gracillis
hamstrings
hamstring harvest and preparation
hamstrings are dissected from he tibial attachments
allograft preference
patella, achilles, anterior tibialis
surgeon may use a pituitary rongeur to remove
soft tissue that surrounds the outer portion of the femoral tunnel to facilitate passage of the graft
endoscopic carpal tunnel release
median nerve is entrapped
symptoms of CTS
tingling fingers, numbness in the fingers, loss of sensation, decreased motor control
goal of transposition of the ulnar nerve
to free up the ulnar nerve from the medial epicondyle groove and move it anteriorly
bunionectomy
R) aken, L) chevron, mckeever, keller
drill, depth gauge, tap and scwer
steps for inserting screws
acromioplasty
performed for patients affected by impingement syndrome or limited range of motion
infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus, teres minor
repair of rotator cuff
internal fixation of femoral shaft fractures
surgery is recommended right away. if delayed, leg should be placed in traction
intertrochanteric procedure
repair of hip fractures. AO dynamic hip screw/dynamic condylar screw (DHS/DCS)
degenerative joint disease DJD
benefit form total hip replacement or arthroplasty
scoliosis
characterized by a lateral curvature of the spinal column and deformity of the rib cage and may also include deformity of the vertebrae