Aneurysm
A weakness in the atrial wall resulting in ballooning of the artery and possible rupture.
Apex
The lower left tip of the left ventricle of the heart; also the rounded upper portion of each lung
Arrhythmia
An abnormal heartbeat (also called dysrhythmia)
Arteriosclerosis
A disease characterized by loss of elasticity and hardening of the arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
A disease characterized by the build up of cholesterol deposits in the arterial lining
Bradycardia
A slow heart rate (under 60bpm in adults)
Cardiac cycle
The pumping action of the heart from one beat to the next
Cardioplegia
Intentional stopping of the heart during cardiac surgery achieved with a cardioplegic solution.
Cardioplegic solution
A mixture of potassium chloride,lidocaine, dextrose, insulin,albumin,tromethamine, and Plasmanate.
Coarctation
A narrowing or stricture in the descending thoracic aorta
Congenital
A condition present at birth
Cross-clamp
To place a clamp across a structure to occlude it
Diastole
Phase of cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract
Endovascularrepair
Endoscopic surgery of the vascular system
Fibrillation
Uncoordinated muscular activity in the heart muscle, which results in a "quivering" rather than pumping action.
Fusiform aneurysm
A type of aneurysm that involves the entire circumference of a blood vessel.
Heart-lung machine
Medical device uses during cardiac bypass. Systemic blood is shunted out the body via cannulas, which are implanted in the heart.
Infarction
Necrosis and death of tissue related to obstruction of blood flow.
Ischemia
Reduced blood supply to tissue, may be a result of obstruction within the blood vessels or external pressure, which acts as a tourniquet
Off-pump procedure
A procedure performed without a cardiopulmonary bypass (i.e., "the pump")
Pacemaker
A device that stimulates the heart muscle to contract
Preclotting
The process of soaking a graft or patch of synthetic graft material in the patients blood or plasma before insertion
Saccular aneurysm
A type of aneurysm in which a saclike formation with a narrow neck projects from the side of the artery
Shunt
To bypass a structure or carry fluid from one anatomical location to another
Stenosis
The narrowing of a hollow structure such as a blood vessel or duct
Sternotomy
An incision made into the sternum
Systole
Phase of cardiac cycle in which the atria contract
Tachycardia
A fast heart rate (over 120 bpm in adults)
Thoracotomy
An incision made into the thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Contains the heart and its great vessels, the lungs and their associated respiratory structures, the mediastinum, and a portion of the esophagus.
Right atrium and left atrium
The two upper chambers of the heart
Right ventricle and left ventricle
The two lower chambers of the heart
Mediastinum, lungs, sternum, anterior
The heart is contained within the ______, between the two ______, posterior to the _____, and ____ to the vertebrae and esophagus.
Pericardium
The heart is enclosed by a double-layered membrane called
Pericardial fluid
Between the outer parietal and inner visceral pericardium; lubricates the layers and prevents friction.
Median sternotomy
Mid line incision used for surgical procedures of the heart and great vessels in the thoracic cavity
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Diverts blood away from the heart and lungs for surgery to be performed
Sump catheterization
Inserted into the left ventricle soon after cardiopulmonary bypass has been established to suction blood and air and maintain cardiac decompression to reduce the risk of air embolism in the systemic circulation
Infusion of a cardioplegic solution
Solution used to stop the heart which reduces the energy required by the cardiac muscle by eliminating the energy requirements for contraction
Coronary artery bypass grafting
Performed to improve circulation to the heart; autograft is usually used CAB, CABG
Transmyocardial revascularization
Goal is to increase blood flow to the heart in patients in whom bypass surgery or medical management is not feasible TMR
Resection of a left ventricular aneurysm
Reduces the risk of rupture and embolism of left ventricle
Aortic valve replacement
Involves the replacement of a diseased valve
Mitral valve repair and replacement
A diseased mitral valve is replaced to open a constricted valve (stenosis) or to prevent blood from regurgitating into the left atrium,; valve repaired with Annuloplasty
MVRR
Mitral commissurotomy
Opening of commissures that being cusps of valve together
Resection of an aneurysm of the ascending aorta
Goal is to repair the aneurysm and restore function to the valve AA
Resection of an aneurysm of the descending aorta
To prevent rupture and life-threatening hemorrhage DTAA
Endovascular repair of a thoracic aneurysm
Frequently used for treatment of DTAA. TAG device used. Performed on pts with fusiform-type aneurysm which are at least double the normal size of the aorta
Insertion of artificial pacemaker
Artificial pacemaker inserted into body to correct cardiac arrhythmia caused by disease of the conduction system
Replacement of a pacemaker battery
A malfunctioning pacemaker generator is replaced to produce continuous pacing
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
An electronic cardiac defibrillating and monitoring device used in patients susceptible to ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (ICD)
Surgery for atrial fibrillation
Cardiac ablasion is the selective deconstruction of diseased conductive tissue to correct atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation
An abnormal heart rhythm;pooling of blood in the atria
Pericardial window
The removal of accumulated blood or fluid in the pericardium through the creation of a
Pericardiectomy
Removal of the adherent scar tissue of the pericardium, improves cardiac function
Insertion and removal of an Intraaortic balloon catheter
The balloon increases the supply of oxygen to the heart by increasing coronary blood flow during diastole and provides distal perfusion of body's organs
Ventricular assist device
Used to wean patients from cardiopulmonary bypass when other means are ineffective VAD
Heart transplantation
To replace a diseased heart with a healthy donor heart
Myocardium
Specialized muscle tissue (cardiac muscle) capable of generating electrical impulses, which cause the heart to contract
Conduction system
Contains a network of specialized cells which generate electrical activity along conduction pathways
Sinoatrial SA node
Initiates the cardiac cycle and is sometimes called the hearts pacemaker
Interatrial septum
Impulses travel from the SA node to the AV node in the
Cardiac function tests
(CFTs)
May require sophisticated imaging techniques, injection of radionuclide, and physical stress tests
Cardiac catheterization
An interventional radiology procedure that involves insertion of cardiac catheter into the heart chambers and large vessels via a peripheral artery or vein
Left heart catheterization
Performed to asses the coronary arteries, systemic vascular resistance, aortic and mitral valve function and left ventricular pressure
Right heart catheterization
Performed to assess the right atrium and ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary occlusion pressure (POAP)
A significant test that determines cardiac volume output
Median sternotomy (supine)
A partial or full mid line incision is made through the sternum
Paramedian (supine)
Incision made to the right or left of the sternum. Used for minimally invasive procedures and lymph node biopsy.
Anterolateral, posterolateral
Modification of the lateral position,patient supine with soft padding under hip and shoulder of affected side which is then abducted and the arm suspended on overhead table brace.
Minithoracotomy
2-inch (5cm) right or left incision made between the ribs for access during minimally invasive and robotic procedures
Minithoracotomy
2-inch (5cm) right or left made between the ribs for access during minimally invasive and robotic proceduresprocedures
Rumel tourniquet
A short length of synthetic tubing either commercially prepared or cut from a straight (Robinson) urinary catheter.
Stylet
Used to snare the strands of suture or tape and bring them through the lumen of the tubing.
Venous cannula
Straight-ended with multiple holes in distal tip; used to shunt blood from the heart
Aortic cannula
Straight or angled tip to direct the blood toward the descending thoracic aorta; carries oxygenated (arterial) blood
Femoral arterial cannula
Carries oxygenated (arterial) blood; tapered to match the size of the artery, beveled end to allow for easier insertion
Coronary antegrade perfusion cannula
Cuff near tip; used to infuse cardioplegic solution directly into the heart
Left ventricular sump (vent) catheter
Drains air and blood within the heart and prevents the accumulation of blood
Right superior pulmonary (vent) catheter
Drains air and blood within the heart and prevents the accumulation of blood.
Basilic vein
Which of the following do/does not ultimately drain into the IVC inferior vena cava
Myocardia
Heart muscle is called
SA node- AV node- AV bundle-purkinje fibers
The correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses
cardiac output
the product of the stroke volume and the heart rate is known as
oxygen and food from placenta to fetus
the umbilical vein carries or passes
more / out of
at the arterial end of a capillary blood pressure is _____ than osmotic pressure, and fluid flows ____ the capillary
T wave
what portion of ECG indicates ventricular repolarization
increased heart rate
you are not an athlete and you are not physically fit. If you suddenly partake in physical exercise the increased demands of such vigorous exercise on your body are met primarily by
Aorta
blood exits the left ventricle in which of the following blood vessels
Middle tunica is thin
Compared to an artery the walls of a vein differs
ductus arteriosus
During fetal existence, the ____ connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the fetal lungs
Lymphatic system
Regarding homeostatic relationships between the cardiovascular system and other body systems, which of the following picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the cardiovascular system
Circle of willis
What unique feature connects the anterior and posterior blood supplies of the brain, providing more than one route for blood to reach brain tissue in a given area
Semilunar valves close
Which of the following is not true during ventricular systole
Stimulation of vagus nerve
Which of the following would cause an increase in the heart rate
A decrease in venous return
Which of the following would not lead to an increase in cardiac output
Pulmonary veins
Which of the following blood vessels carry oxygen rich blood
Visceral pericardium
layer of the heart that is continuous with the epicardium
Cardiac tamponade
Compression of heart due to blood or fluid in the pericardium
Ventricular angiograph
This test shows movement of blood through valves
False (semilunar valve)
When ventricles contract the AV valves open
Ventricular tachycardia
1% lidocaine is used to treat
apex
area of the heart that is distal to the patients head
Vague nerve
What cranial nerve increases heart rate
Secular and fusiform
Name two types of aneurysm
hypothermia
Protects heart during cardiac surgery
intrarventricular septum
Contains the circle of willis
Atrial fibrillation
Heart rate of 240-450 bpm
14 gauge needle
Used to remove air out of a vessel
Chordae tendinae
Which of the following is involved in anchoring the AV valve flaps to the walls of the ventricle
Chordae tendinae
Which of the following is involved in anchoring the AV valve flaps to the walls of the ventricle
Chordae tendinae
Which of the following is involved in anchoring the AV valve flaps to the walls of the ventricle