includes skull, face, ear bones, hyoid, sternum and ribs
axial skeleton
includes leg, feet, hands, trunk, and spine
appendicular skeleton
found on the surface of bones and is organized in tubular units called osteons
cortical (compact bone)
found in the ends of bones and is the inner,softer, less dense layer
cancellous (spongy bone)
-tough, bilayered membrane that covers bone
-protects the bone surface and provides attachment for tendons
-contains osteoblasts
periosteum
-lines the inner channels of long bones
-fills the interstitial spaces of cancellous bone and the haversian canal
-initiates bone growth and provides nutritional substances to bone
endosteum
-functions as areas of attachment for tendons and ligaments
-passageway for nerves and blood vessels
-raised projections, bumps, ridges
landmarks
- a joint with limited movement or fixed articular surfaces, such as between skull bones
synarthrosis (suture joint)
a joint in which the bones are connected by cartilage and only slightly movable
amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joint)
-a joint that is freely movable, such as a hip or a shoulder. Also called synovial joints because the joint capsule contains a fluid called synovial fluid
Diarthrosis
-made of articulating bone ends and connective tissue surrounding them
-the capsule is lined with a synovial membrane which provides fluid that nourishes the joint
-space inside the joint capsule is called joint cavity
synovial joint
Nonsynovial joints
-separated by immovable cartilaginous or fibrous tissue
-fixed articulation and no joint cavity
-includes sutures and symphesese
hinge joint
-has a rocker and cradle components, allow extension and flexion only
-elbow, knee
saddle joint
-the two components have a complementary covex-concave shape, and the bones slide over each other
-thumb
gliding joint
joint in which relatively flat surfaces of bone slide over each other
-vertebrae
ball and socket joint
joint with a spherical component and a concave component
-hip and humerous
pivot joint
-composed of a bony protuberance and an open collar components
-1st and 2nd verterbraie of the neck
condyloid joint
small protrusion slides within a slightly elliptical component
-carpal bones of wrist
tendons attach-
muscle to bone
tendons can take the form of a fibrous cord, or a sheet of connective tissue called
an aponeurosis
ligaments attach
bone to bone
when ligament attach to cartilage they stabilize the joint and -
limit movements that might injure it
neither tendon or ligaments have a significant-
blood supply
systematic inflmmatory disease that affects connective tissue
rheumatoid arthritis
necrosis of the bone tissue occurs when the blood supply is interuppted
avascular necrosis
tissue damage and necrosis resulting from increased pressure in any anatomical space
compartment syndrome
talipes equinovarus
clubfoot
coxa vara
dislocated hip
forward curvature of the spone
kyphosis
backward curvature of the spine
lordosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spone
scoliosis
complications from ortho surgery
osteomyelitis-inflammation of the bone marrow that may last a lifetime
pain
immobilzation issues
osteotomes
Curettes
bone cutting forceps
bone hooks
meniscus clamp
bone holding forceps
fixation devices
-screws
-plates
-pins
-rods/nails
-staples
cortical screws
dense bone
cancellous screws
spongy bone
compression screws
impacts two bone fragments together
cannulated screws
hole in the shaft to pass screw over guide pins
placement procedure of a screw
DRILL, MEASURE, TAP, SCREW
shapes of plates
-tubular
-flat
-t-plate
types of pins
-plain/smooth
-threaded
kirschner wires
0.035-1/8 diameter
steinmann pins
larger than 1/8
arthroscopic surgery
-minimally invasive surgery of the joints
-diagnostic use and repair and reconstruction of soft tissue
-most open soft tissue procedures of the joints can be done this way
tourniquet
-used to exsanguinate limb during surgery
-sterile/unsterile cuffs of various size
-bone wax is used as hemostatic agent
use of unsterile tourniquet
-maximum time cuff inflation time 1 1/2-2 hours (if longer let down for 5-10 mins)
-deflate cuff at the time of wound closure or after application of pressure dressing
when the surgical incision involves a joint-
the skin prep includes area to the joint above and below
when the incision is located between two joints-
the skin prep should be extended beyond the joint above and below
common types of dressings
Nonadherent material (Adaptic, Xeroform, Providone-iodine gauze)
Kerlix fluff, 4x4 gauze
Rolled gauze- Kerlix, Kling
Ace/elastic bandage for compression
closed (simple) fracture
skin is unbroken
open (compound) fracture
bone protrudes through the skin,carries high morbidity
traumatic (accidental injury) fracture
may be open or closed
pathologic (spontaneous) fracture
caused by bone disease, such as osteoporosis
greenstick fracture
one side of bone is broken with another side bent.. common in children
comminuted fracture
splintered or crushed
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward
compression/impacted fracture
bone fragments are driven into each other causing a "collapse" of the bone structure
transverse fracture
at right angle to the bone axis
epiphyseal fracture
fracture of the growth plate
colles'
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