What is used to account for the differences in tissue sensitivity to ionizing radiation when determining effective does E?
1. Tissue weighting factors (Wt)
2. Radiation Weighting factors (Wr)
3. Absorded dose
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1
A. 1 only
According to the Natinal Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), the monthly gestational dose-equivalent limit for embryo / fetus of a pregnant radiographer is
A. 1 mSv
B. 5 mSv
C. 15 mSv
D. 50 mSv
B. 5 mSv
A time of 1.5 minutes is required for a particular fluoroscopic examination, whose exposure rate is 275 mR/h. what is the approximate radiation exposure for the radiologic staff present in the fluoroscopy room during the examination?
A. 183 mR
B. 68.7 mR
D. 6.87 mR
275/60= x/1.5
60x/60= 412.5/60
= 6.875
If the exposure rate to an individual standing 4.0 m from a source of radiation is 10 mR/h, what will be the dose received after 20 minutes at a distance of 6 m from the source?
A. 22.5 mR
B. 7.5 mR
C. 4.44 mR
D. 1.48 mR
D. 1.48 mR
10/x= 36/16
36x=160
x=4.44 (60 minutes)
4.44/3= 1.48 mR in 20 minutes
All of the following statements regarding mobile radiographic equipment are true except
A. the exposure cord must permit the operator to stand at least 6 ft from the patient, x-ray tube, and useful beam
B. exposure switches must be the two-stage type
C. a
B. exposure switches must be the two-stage type
Which of the following cell types has the greatest radiosensitivity in the adult human?
A. Nerve cells
B. Muscle cells
C. Spermatids
D. Lymphocytes
D. Lymphocytes
Guidelines for the use of protective shielding state that gonadal shielding should be used
1. if the patient has reasonable reproductive potential
2. when the gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated field
3. when tight collimation is not possible
A. 1 on
B. 1 and 2 only
The interaction between ionzing radiation and the target molecule that is most likely to occur is the
A. direct effect
B. indirect effect
C. target effect
D. random effect
B. indirect effect
What is the approximate entrance skin esposure (ESE) for the average anteroposterior (AP) supine abdomen radiograph?
A. 300 rad
B. 300 mrad
C. 35 rad
D. 35 mrad
B. 300 mrad
All of the following device(s) are generally used to help reduce patient dose, except:
1. grid
2. collimator
3. gonad shield
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
A. 1 only
How will x-ray photon intensity be affected if the source-to-image distance (SID) is double?
A. Its intensity increases two times
B. Its intensity increases four times
C. Its intensity decreases two times
D. Its intensity decreases four times
D. Its intensity decreases four times
What is the established annual occupational dose-equivalent limit for the lens of the eye?
A. 10 mSv
B. 50 mSv
C. 150 mSv
D. 250 mSv
C. 150 mSv (15 rem)
Occupation radiation moinitoring is required when it is possible that the individual might receive more than
A. 5 mrem
B. 10 mrem
C. one-tenth the annual dose limit
D. one-forth the annual dose limit
C. one-tenth the annual dose limit
Soucres of natural background radiation contributing to whole-body radiation dose include
1. dental x-rays
2. terrestrial radionuclides
3. internal radionyclides
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
C. 2 and 3 only
Irradiation of water molecules within the body and their resulting breakdown is termed
A. eplitation
B. radiolysis
C. proliferation
D. repopulation
B. Radiolysis
Which of the following contributes most to occupational exposure
A. the photoelectric effect
B. Compton Scatter
C. Classic scatter
D. Thompson scatter
B. Compton scatter
Which of the following is (are) used to account for the differences in tissue characteristics when determing effective dose to biologic material
1. Tissue weighting factor (Wt)
2. Radiation weighting factor (Wr)
3. Absorbed dose
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
A. 1 only
The x-ray interaction with matter that is responsible for the majority of scattered radiation reaching the image receptor (IR) is
A. the photoelectric effect
B. Compton Scatter
C. classical scatter
D. Thompson scatter
B. Compton scatter
The exposure rate to a body 4 ft from a source of radiation is 16 R/h. What distance from the source would be necessary to decrease the exposure to 6 R/h
A. 5 ft
B. 7 ft
C. 10 ft
D. 14 ft
B. 7 ft
16 R/h / 6 R/h = x2 / 16
6x2 = 256
=42.66
With milliamperes (mA) increased to maintain output intensity, how is the ESE affected as the source-to-skin distance (SSD) is increased
A. The ESE increases
B. The ESE decreases
C. The ESE remains unchanged
D. ESE is unrelated to SSD
A. The ESE increases
Late radiation-induced somatic effects include
1. thyroid cancers
2. catarctogenesis
3. genetic mutations
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Each time an x-ray beam scatters, its intensity at 1 m from the scattering object is what fraction of its original intensity?
A. 1/10
B. 1/100
C. 1/500
D. 1/1,000
D. 1/1,000
According to the NCRP, the annual occupational whole-body dose-equivalent limit is
A. 1 mSv
B. 50 mSv
C. 150 mSv
D. 500 mSv
B. 50 mSv
A thermoluminescent dosimetry system would use which of the following crystals?
A. Silver halide
B. Sodium thiosulfate
C. Lithium fluoride
D. Aluminum oxide
C. Lithium fluoride
Sources of secondary radiation include
1. background radiation
2. leakage radiation
3. scattered radiation
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
C. 2 and 3 only
All of the following have an effect on patient dose except
A. kilovoltage
B. milliampere-seconds
C. focal spot size
D. inherent filtration
C. focal spot size
The photoelectric effect is more likely to occur with
1. absorbers having a high Z number
2. high-energy incident photons
3. positive contrast media
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 3 only
All of the following radiation-exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose response relationship except:
A. skin erythema
B. hematologic depression
C. radiation lethality
D. leukemia
D. leukemia
In radiation protection, the product of absorbed dose and the correct modifying factor (rad x QF) is used to determine
A. roentgen (C/kg)
B. rem (Sv)
C. curie (Cu)
D. radiation quality
B. rem (Sv)
Which of the following is recommended for the pregnant radiographer?
A. Change dosimeters weekly
B. Wear a second dosimeter under the lead apron
C. Wear two dosimeters and switch their positions appropriately
D. The pregnant radiographer must leave radiat
B. Wear a second dosimeter under the lead apron
The annual dose limit for medical imaging personnel includes radiation from
1. occupational exposure
2. background radiation
3. medical x-rays
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
A. 1 only
Which of the following anomalies is (are) possible if an exposure dose of 40 rad (400 mGy) were delivered to a pregnant uterus in the thrid week of pregnancy?
1. skeletal anomaly
2. organ anomaly
3. neurologic anomaly
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D
B. 2 only
The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time, the effect
A. Will be greater than if it were delivered all at one time
B. will be less than if it were
B. will be less than if it were delievered all at one time
Meidcal and dental radiation accounts for what percentage of the general public's exposure to human-made radiation?
A. 10%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 90%
D. 90%
Which of the following is (are) composed of nondividing, differentiated cells?
1. Neurons and neuroglia
2. Epithelial tissue
3. Lymphocytes
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
A. 1 only
How does filtration affect the primary beam?
A. It increases the average energy of the primary beam
B. It decreases the average energy of the primary beam
C. It makes the primary beam more penetrating
D. It increases the intensity of the primary beam
A. It increases the average energy of the primary beam
What is the minimum lead requirement for lead aprons, according to the NCRP?
A. 0.05 mm Pb
B. 0.50 mm Pb
C. 0.25 mm Pb
D. 1.0 mm Pb
B. 0.50 mm Pb
An optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter contains which of the following detectors?
A. Gadolinium
B. Aluminum oxide
C. Lithium fluoride
D. Photographic film
B. Aluminum oxide
Immature cells are referred to as
1. undifferentiated cells
2. stem cells
3. genetic cells
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 2 only
what is the term used to describe x-ray photon interaction with matter and the transference of part of the photon's energy to matter?
A. absorption
B. scattering
C. attenuation
D. divergence
B. Scattering
What is the approximate ESE for the average upright PA chest radiograph using 115 kVp and a grid?
A. 20 rad
B. 20 mrad
C. 200 rad
D. 200 mrad
B. 20 mrad
To be in compliance with radiation safetly standards, the fluoroscopy exposure switch must
A. sound during fluoro-on time
B. be on a 6-ft-long cord
C. terminate fluoro after 5 minutes
D. be the "dead man" type
D. be the "dead man" type
Primary radiaiton barries must be at least how high?
A. 5 ft
B. 6 ft
C. 7 ft
D. 8 ft
C. 7 ft
The annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals is valid for
A. alpha, betam and x-radiation
B. x- and gamma radiations only
C. beta, x-, and gamma radiations
D. all ionizing radiations
C. beta, x-, and gamma radiations
The interation between x-ray photons and matter shown in Figure 3-1 is associated with
1. total energy transfer from photon to electrons
2. an outer-shell electron
3. compton scatter
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 2 and 3 only
A. 1 only
Patient dose increase as fluoroscopic
A. FOV increases
B. FOV decreases
C. FSS increases
C. FSS decreases
B. FOV decreases
Types of gondal shielding include which of the following?
1. Flat contact
2. Shaped contact
3. Shadow
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
what unit of measure is used to express ionizing radiation dose to biologic material?
A. Roentgen (C/kg)
B. Rad (Gy)
C. Rem (Sv)
D. RBE
C. Rem (Sv)
LET is best defined as
1. a method of expressing radiation quality
2. a measure of the rate at which radiation energy is transferred to soft tissue
3. absorption of polyenergetic radiation
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 2 only
For exposure to 1 rad of each of the following ionizing radiations, which would result in the greatest dose to the individual?
A. External source of 1-MeV x-rays
B. External source of diagnostic x-rays
C. Internal source of alpha particles
D. External sou
C. Internal source of alpha particles
The skin response to radiation exposure that appears as hair loss is known as
A. dry desquamation
B. moist desquamation
C. erythema
D. epilaton
D. epilation
Biologic material is least sensitive to irradiation under which of the following conditions?
A. Anoxic
B. Hypoxic
C. Oxygenated
D. Deoxygenated
A. Anoxic
The reduction in the inensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through material is termed
A. absorption
B. scattering
C. attenuation
D. divergence
C. attenuation
Which type of dose-response relationship represents radiation-induced leukemia and genetic effects?
A. Linear, threshold
B. Nonlinear, threshold
C. Linear, nonthreshold
D. Nonlinear, nonthreshold
C. Linear, nonthreshold
A dose of 25 rad to the fetus during the seventh or eigth week of pregnancy is likely to casue which of the following?
A. Spontaneous abortion
B. Skeletal anomalies
C. Neurologic anomalies
D. Organogenesis
C. Neurologic anomalies
Late effects of radiaiton, whose incidence is dose related and for which there is no threshold dose, are referred to as
A. nonstochastic
B. stochastic
C. chromosomal aberration
D. hematologic depression
B. stochastic
Which of the following methods can be used to reduce radiation exposure to a recently fertilized ovum?
1. Elective booking
2. Patient questionnaire
3. The 10-day rule
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Classify the following tissues in order of increasing radiosensitivity
1. Liver cells
2. Intestinal crypt cells
3. Muscle cells
A. 1, 3, 2
B. 2, 3, 1
C. 2, 1, 3
D. 3, 1, 2
D. 3, 1, 2
The largest amount of diagnostic x-ray absorption is most likely to occur in which of the following tissues?
A. Lung
B. Adipose
C. Muscle
D. Bone
D. Bone
According to the NCRP regulations, leakage radiation from the x-ray tube must not exceed
A. 10 mR/h
B. 100 mR/h
C. 10 mR/min
D. 100 mR/min
B. 100 mR/h
Which of the following most effectively minimizes radiation exposure to the patient?
A. Small focal spot
B. Low-ratio grids
C. Increased SID
D. High-speed intensifying screens
D. High-speed intensifying screens
Which of the following statements is (are) true with respect to radiation safety in fluoroscopy?
1. Tabletop radiation intensity must not exceed 2.1 R/min/mA
2. Tabletop radiation intensity must not exceed 10 R/ min
3. In high-level fluoroscopy, tabletop
D. 1, 2, 3
The symbols 130-56Ba and 138-56 Ba are examples of which of the following?
A. Isotopes
B. Isobars
C. Isotones
D. Isomers
A. Isotopes
Which of the following accounts for an x-ray beam's heterogeneity?
1. Incident electrons interacting with several layers of tungsten target atoms
2. Energy differences among incident electrons
3. Electrons moving to full different shell vacancies
A. 1 onl
D. 1, 2, 3
Which of the following factors will affect both the quality and the quantity of the primary beam?
1. Half-value layer (HVL)
2. Kilovots (kV)
3. Milliamperes (mA)
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 2 only
Diagnostic x-radiation may be correctly described as
A. low energy, low LET
B. low energy, high LET
C. high energy, low LET
D. high energy, high LET
A. low energy, low LET
Primary radiation barriers usually require which thichkness of shielding/
A. 1/4-in lead
B. 1/8-in lead
C. 1/16-in lead
D. 1/32-in lead
C. 1/16-in lead
Which of the following groups of exposure factors will deliver the least patient dose?
A. 300 mA, 250 ms, 70 kVp
B. 300 mA, 125 ms, 80 kVp
C. 400 mA, 90 ms, 80 kVp
D. 600 mA, 30 ms, 90 kVp
D. 600 mA, 30 ms, 90 kVp
For radiogrpahic examination of the skull, it is generally preferred that the skull be examined in the
A. AP projection
B. PA projection
C. erect position
D. supine position
B. PA projection
Accoridng to the NCRP, the annual occupational dose-equivalent limit (50 rem) to the thyroid, skin, and extremities is
A. 50 mSv
B. 150 mSv
C. 500 mSv
D. 1,500 mSv
C. 500 mSv
The skin response to radiation exposure which appears as reddening of the irradiated skin area, is known as
A. dry desquamation
B. moist desquamation
C. erythema
D. epilation
C. erythema
Which of the dose-response cure(s) shown in Figure 3-2 illustrate(s) a linear threshold response to radiation exposure?
1. Dose-response curve A
2. Dose-response curve B
3. Dose-response curve C
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 2 and 3 only
B. 2 only
What is the intensity of scattered radiation perpendicular to and 1 m from a patient compared with the useful beam at the patient's surface?
A. 0.01%
B. 0.1%
C. 1.0%
D. 10.0%
B. 0.1%
Which of the following formulas is a representation of the inverse-square law of radiation used to determine x-ray intensity at different distances?
A. I1/I2= D22/ D21
B. I1/I2= D21/ D22
C. kVp1/kVp2= D22/D21
D. kVp1/kVp2= D21/D22
A. I1/ I2 = D22/ D21
An increase of 1.0 mm added aluminum filtration of the x-ray beam would have which of the following effects?
1. Increase in average energy of the beam
2. Increase in patient skin dose
3. Increase in milliroentgen output
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and
A. 1 only
Aluminum filtration has its greatest effect on
A. low-energy x-ray photons
B. high-energy x-ray photons
C. low-energy scattered photons
D. high-energy scattered photons
A. low-energy x-ray photons
The amount of time that x-rays are being produced and directed toward a particular wall is referred to as the
A. workload
B. use factor
C. occupancy factor
D. controlling factor
B. use factor
The operation of personnel radiation monitoring devices can depend on which of the following?
1. Ionization
2. Luminescence
3. Thermoluminescence
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Which of the following result(s) from restriction of the x-ray beam?
1. Less scattered radiation production
2. Less patient hazard
3. Less radiographic contrast
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 2 only
Which acute radiation syndrome requires the largest exposure before any effects become apparent?
A. Hematopoietic
B. Gastrointestinal
C. Central nervous system (CNS)
D. Skeletal
C. Central nervous system (CNS)
Early symptoms of acute radiation syndrome include
1. leukopenia
2. nausea and vomiting
3. cataracts
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 2 and 3 only
A. 1 and 2 only
graph questions
graph question
The unit of measurement used to express occupational exposure is the
A. roentgen (C/kg)
B. rad (Gy)
C. rem (Sv)
D. relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
C. rem (Sv)
Possible responses to irradiation in utero include
1. spontaneous abortion
2. congenital anomalies
3. childhood malignancies
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
The Bucky slot cover is in place to protect the
1. patient
2. fluoroscopist
3. technologist
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3,
C. 2 and 3 only
Which type of personnel radiation monitor can provide an immediate reading?
A. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
B. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)
C. Film badge
D. Ionization chamber
D. Ionization chamber
Which of the following terms is correctly used to describe x-ray beam quality?
A. mA
B. HVL
C. Intensity
D. Dose rate
B. HVL
The most efficient type of male gonadal shielding for use during fluoroscopy is
A. flat contact
B. shaped contact (contour)
C. shadow
D. cylinderical
B. shaped contact (contour)
Isotopes are atoms that have the same
A. mass number but a different atomic number
B. atomic number but a different mass number
C. atomic number but a different neutron number
D. atomic number and mass number
B. atomic number but a different mass number
If the ESE for a particular exposure is 25 mrad, what will be the intensity of the scattered beam perpendicular to and 1 m from the patient
A. 25 mrad
B. 2.5 mrad
C. 0.25 mrad
D. 0.025 mrad
D. 0.025 mrad
The likelihood of adverse radiation effects to any radiographer whose dose is kept below the recommended guideline is
A. very probable
B. possible
C. very remote
D. zero
C. very remote
Factors that contribute to the amount of scattered radiation produced inlcude
1. radiation quality
2. field size
3. grid ratio
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 2 only
The SSD is mobile fluoroscopy must be
A. a minimum is 15 in.
B. a maximum of 15 in.
C. a minimum of 12 in.
D. a maximum of 12. in
C. a minimum of 12 in.
The automatic exposure device that is located immediately under the x-ray table is the
A. ionization chamber
B. scintillation camera
C. photomultiplier
D. photocathode
A. ionization chamber
The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that cells are more radiosensitive if they are
1. highly proliferative
2. highly differentiated
3. immature
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3,
C. 1 and 3 only
It is necessary to question a female patient of childbearing age regarding her
1. date of last menstrual period
2. possibility of being pregnant
3. age at her first pregnancy
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
graph question
graph question
What is the effect on RBE as LET increases?
A. As LET increases, RBE increases
B. As LET increases, RBE decreases
C. As LET increases, RBE stabilizes
D. LET has no effect on RBE
A. As LET increases, RBE increases
Which of the following would most likely result in the greatest skin dose?
A. short SID
B. High kVp
C. increased filtration
D. increased mA
A. short SID
Which of the following radiation-induced conditions is most likely to have the longest latent period?
A. Leukemia
B. Temporary infertility
C. Erythema
D. Acute radiation lethality
A. Leukemia
Which of the following ionizing radiations is described as having an RBE of 1.0?
A. 10 MeV protons
B. 5 MeV alpha particles
C. Diagnostic x-rays
D. Fasst neutrons
C. Diagnostic x-rays
If an individual receives 50 mR while standing 4 ft from a source of radiation for 2 minutes, which of the following options wil most effectively reduce his or her radiation exposure to that source of radiation?
A. Standing 3 ft from the source for 2 minu
B. standing 8 ft from the source for 2 minutes
50(I1)/x(I2)=25(D22)/16(D21)
25x=800
=32 mr in 2 minutes
16 mr in 1 minute
50(I1)/x(I2)=36(D22)/16(D21)
36x=800
=22.22 in 2 minutes at 6ft
The most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract is the
A. upper esophagus
B. stomach
C. small bowel
D. cecum and ascending colon
C. small bowel
How do fractionation and protraction affect radiation dose effects?
1. They reduce the effect of radiation exposure
2. They permit cellular repair
3. They allow tissue recovery
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
The photoelectric effect is an interaction between an x-ray photon and
A. an inner-shell electron
B. an outer-shell electron
C. a nucleus
D. another photon
A. an inner-shell electron
Filters used in radiography x-ray tubes generally are composed of
A. aluminum
B. copper
C. tin
D. lead
A. aluminum
All of the following function to reduce patient dose execpt
A. beam restriction
B. high kVp, low mAs factors
C. a high-speed grid
D. a high-speed imaging system
C. a high-speed grid
In the production of Bremsstrahlung radiation
A. the incident photon ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron
B. the incident photon is deflected, with resluting energy loss
C. the incident electron ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron
D. the incident e
D. the incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss
An increase in total filtration of the x-ray beam will increase
A. patient skin dose
B. beam HVL
C. image contrast
D. milliroentgen (mR) output
B. beam HVL
Which of the following is considered the unit of exposure in air?
A. Roentgen (C/kg)
B. Rad (Gy)
C. Rem (Sv)
D. RBE
A. Roentgen (C/kg)
The purpose of filters in a film badge is
A. to eliminate harmful rays
B. to measure radiation quality
C. to prevent exposure by alpha particles
D. as a support for the film contained within
B. to measure radiation quality
How many HVLs are required to reduce the intensity of a beam of monoenergentic photons to less than 15% of its original value?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
B. 3
Which of the following has (have) an effect on the amount and type of radiation-induced tissue damage?
1. quality of radiation
2. type of tissue being irradiated
3. fractionation
A, 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Radiation dose to personnel is reduced by which of the following exposure control cord guidelines?
1. exposure cords on fixed equipment must be very short
2. exposure cords on mobile equipment should be fairly long
3. exposure cords on fixed and mobile eq
B. 1 and 2 only
Any wall that the useful x-ray beam can be directed toward is called a
A. secondary barrier
B. primary barrier
C. leakage barrier
D. scattered barrier
B. primary barrier
Which of the following body parts is (are) included in whole-body dose?
1. Gonads
2, Blood-forming organs
3. Extremities
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following projections would deliver the largest thyroid dose?
A. AP skull
B. PA skull
C. PA esophagus
D. PA chest
A. AP skull
Which of the following personnel monitoring devices used in diagnostic radiography is considered to be the most sensitive and accurate?
A. TLD
B. Film badge
C. OSL dosimeter
D. Pocket dosimeter
C. OSL dosimeter
Irradiation of macromolecules in vitro can result in
1. main-chain scission
2. cross-linking
3. point lesions
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Which of the following radiation situations is potentially the most harmful?
A. A large dose to a specific area all at once
B. A small dose to the whole body over a period of time
C. A large dose to the whole body all at one time
D. A small dose to a spec
C. A large dose to the whole body all at one time
How much protection is provided from a 100 kVp x-ray beam when usings a 0.50-mm lead equivalent apron?
A. 40%
B. 75%
C. 88%
D. 99%
B. 75%
Occupational radiation monitoring is required when it is likely that an individual will receive more than what fraction of the annual dose limit?
A. 1/2
B. 1/4
C. 1/10
D. 1/40
C. 1/10
picture question
picture question
Examples of late effects of ionizing radiation on humans include
1. leukemia
2. local tissue damage
3. malignant disease
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Which of the following cells are the most radiosensitive?
A. Myelocytes
B. Erythroblasts
C. Megakaryocytes
D. Myocytes
B. Erythroblasts
Which of the following statements regarding the pregnant radiographer is (are) true?
1. She should declare her pregnancy to her supervisor
2. She should be assigned a second personnel monitor
3. Her radiation history should be reviewed
A. 1 only
B. 1 and
D. 1, 2, 3
What is (are) the major effect(s) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) irradiation?
1. Malignant disease
2. Chromosome aberration
3. Cell death
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Which of the following contributes most to patient dose?
A. The photoelectric effect
B. Compton Scatter
C. Classic scatter
D. Thompson scatter
A. The photoelectric effect
graph question
graph question
The classification of acute radiation syndrome include all of the following except
A. central nervous system
B. gastrointestinal
C. neonatal
D. hematologic
C. neonatal
In the production of characteristic radiation at the tungsten target, the incident electron
A. ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron
B. ejects an outer-shell tungsten electron
C. is deflected, with resulting energy loss
D. is deflected, with resulting e
A. ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron
Which of the following defines the gonadal dose that, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic effect on that population as the actual doses received by each of the individuals
A. Genetically signi
A. Genetically significant dose
If an exposure dose of 50 mR/h is delivered from a distance of 3 ft, what would be the dose delievered after 20 minutes at a distance of 5 ft from the source?
A. 6 mR
B. 18 mR
C. 46 mR
D. 138 mR
A. 6 mR
50/x=25/9
25x=450
x=18 mR/h (60 minutes)
so 18/3= 6 mR
The term effective dose refers to
A. whole-body dose
B. localized organ dose
C. genetic effects
D. somatic and genetic effects
A. whole-body dose
Which of the following is (are) possible long term somatic effects of radiation exposure?
1. Blood changes
2. Catarctogenesis
3. Embryologic effects
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3,
C. 2 and 3 only
The operation of personal radiation monitoring can be based on stimulated luminescence. Which of the following personal radiation monitors function(s) in that manner?
1. OSL dosimeter
2. TLD
3. Pocket dosimeter
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D.
B. 1 and 2 only
If a patient received 1,400 mrad during a 7-minute fluoroscopic examination, what was the dose rate?
A. 200 rad/min
B. 5 rad/min
C. 2.0 rad/min
D. 0.2 rad/min
D. 0.2 rad/min
1.4 rad/7 min= x rad/1 min
7x=1.4
x=0.2 rad/min
Biologic material irradiated under hypoxic conditions is
A. more sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions
B. less sensitve then when irradiated under anoxic conditions
C. less sensitive than when irradiated under oxygentated conditions
D
C. less sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions
Which interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule involves formation of a free radical?
A. Direct effect
B. Indirect effect
C. Target effect
D. Random effect
B. Indirect effect
The single most important scattering object in both radiography and fluoroscopy is the
A. x-ray table
B. x-ray tube
C. patient
D. IR
C. patient
All of the following statements regarding TLDs are true except
A. TLDs are reusable
B. a TLD is a personal radiation monitor
C. TLDs use a lithium fluoride phosphor
D. after x-ray exposure, TLDs emit heat in response to stimulation by light
D. after x-ray exposure, TLDs emit heat in response to stimulation by light
A student radiographer who is under 18 years of age must not receive an annual occupational dose of greater than
A. 0.1 rem (1 mSv)
B. 0.5 rem (5 mSv)
C. 5 rem (50 mSv)
D. 10 rem (100 mSv)
A. 0.1 rem (1 mSv)
What is the approximate ESE for the average AP lumbear spine radiograph?
A. 30 rad
B. 30 mrad
C. 300 rad
D. 300 mrad
D. 300 mrad
Which of the following is (are) likely to improve image quality and decrease patient dose?
1. Beam restriction
2. Low kilovolt and high microampere second factors
3. Grids
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
A. 1 only
Types of secondary radiation barriers include
1. the control booth
2. lead aprons
3. the x-ray tube housing
A. 2 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Lead aprons are worn during fluoroscopy to protect the radiographer from exposure to radiation from
A. the photoelectric effect
B. compton scatter
C. classic scatter
D. pair production
B. compton scatter
Types of structural damage to a DNA molecule by ionizing radiation inlcude which of the following?
1. single-side-rail scission
2. double-side-rail scission
3. cross-linking
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
Which of the following can be an effective means of reducing radiation exposure?
1. Barriers
2. Distance
3. Time
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a large quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a short period of time, the effect
A. will be greater than if it were delivered in increments
B. will be less than if it
A. will be greater than if it were delivered in increments.
Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested
A. in the descendants of the exposed individual
B. during the life of the exposed individual
C. in the exposed individual and his or her descendents
D. in the reproductive cells of the expo
B. during the life of the exposed individual
What minimum total amount of filtration (inherent plus added) is required in x-ray equipment operated above 70 kVp
A. 2.5 mm Al equivalent
B. 3.5 mm Al equivalent
C. 2.5 mm Cu equivalent
D. 3.5 mm Cu equivalent
A. 2.5 mm Al equivalent