An abnormal thoracic curvature of the spine, often referred to as "hunchback" is called ____
Kyphosis
A joint that is surgically fused to prevent movement is called ____
Arthrodesis
The procedure in which the attenuated anterior capsule of the shoulder is reattached to the rim of the glenoid fossa with sutures is called ____
Bankart (procedure)
A Keller arthroplasty or McBride procedure is performed to treat and remove exotosis and _______
Hallux Valgus
(bunions)
Transposition
The procedure in which the ulnar nerve is moved from the ulnar groove position on the posterior of the humerus to the anterior of the humeral condyle is called a ____
Total hip Arthroplasty
Which procedure would require the postoperative use of an abduction splint?
Which instruments would be used to retract the muscles during a hip pinning?
Bennett retractor
Which is the best site for the removal of cortical bone for grafting purposes?
Ilium
Methyl methacrylate would most likely be used in ____
Total knee arthroplasty
Which is NOT a type of interlocking nail used for a closed intramedullary nailing?
Austin-Moore
Luque rods are used for ____
Spinal deformities
Osteoarthritis
A condition that would cause a patient to undergo a total hip arthroplasty?
Femoral shaft factures in an adult can be repaired by ____
Compression plating
Elderly
Intertrochanteric fractures most often occur in which age population?
A Neer prosthesis is used for repair of comminuted fractures of the ____
Humeral head
A fracture of the femoral shaft would require a ____
Hip spica cast
What procedure is performed to correct talipes valgus or talipes varus?
Triple arthrodesis
What instrument is used to prepare the drilled hole for the screw during an ORIF?
Tap
Involves removing the bunion by SOFT TISSUE RELEASE to realign the big toe. Commonly for early onset, but soft tissue release doesn't have the same effect as procedures w/bone cuts ( osteotomies).
McBride
(Hallux Valgus Repair)
Mayo (Hallux Valgus Repair)
This procedure removes a smaller portion of the metatarsal head,seen in severe cases of arthritis, trauma, or infection.
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty - This involves removing the base of the big toe. Results w/great, pain-free motion, but patient loses push-off power w/big toe, and the big toe looks a little short aesthetically.
Keller
( Hallux Valgus Repair)
4 most common foot fractures are...?
1. Malleolus - bony part of ankle. Medial fx most common.
2. Fractured Calcaneous - heel, also hardest to repair
3. Fractured Talus - high median ankle bone
4. Metatarsal Fractures - one of the 5 long bones of foot.
Pertaining to skull, spine, ribs, lumbar, and sacrum
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Refers to humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, femur, tibia (appendages)
206
How many bones are in the body?
Bones !!!
These provide form, structure, aid in homeostasis, provide blood formation and sources of vitamin d.
Bands of tissue that connect bone to bone
example: ACL
Ligaments
Bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone, also absorb impact.
Tendons
What specialized type of retractor is used during a rotator cuff repair that aids in exposure of the surgical site?
Bankart Retractor
Closest end to origin
Proximal
Farthest end from origin
Distal
Rounded "heads" or ends of a long bone, some cancellous (spongy) composition, red marrow can also be found here.
Epiphysis
What is the central cavity of the bone shaft where red marrow / yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored?
Also known as the medulla - the innermost
Medullary Cavity
the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat)
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
the wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate.
Articular Cartilage
This line joints and cushions blows; also a nonvascular fibrous connective tissue that is located in the joints, larynx, trachea, thorax, nose, and ear
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone, contains red marrow and vascular tissue, composed of trabeculae (used in grafts)
Cortical bone
compact bone - harder, stronger, and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.
Periosteum
Outer membrane that covers bone, provides blood supply, nerve supply, and nutrients.
Endosteum
Thin membrane that lines the medullar cavity of a bone, osteoblasts make new bone here.
Condyles
Bony prominences on surface of bones where ligaments attach. Examples : distal femur and proximal tibia
Synarthrosis Joints
Immovable joints; Suture lines on the skull are an example
Amphiarthrosis Joints
Slight moveable type of joint; disks of fibrous cartilage connect the joint - Vertebrae and pubic symphisis
Diarthrosis Joints
Freely moveable joints; these include the following:
Ball and Socket, Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, and Condyloid.
Name 6 types of Diarthosis Joints
1. Ball and Socket - Hip
2. Gliding - Carpals in wrist
3. Hinge - Knees / Elbows
4. Pivot - Axis of neck (2nd vertebrae)
5. Saddle - thumb
6. Condyloid - temporomandibular joint (jaw)
3 types of Mobile/Immobile Joints
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis (synovial joint)
Arthritis
joint disorder w/ inflammation of one or more joints, can also be caused by depletion of synovial fluid.
Abduction
movement away from body or midline
Adduction
movement towards or to the body or midline
Circumduction
Moving a limb in a circular range of motion without moving rest of body
Rotation
Movement of a body part around a central axis
Flexion
Bending of a joint
Plantar Flexion
Bending of foot downward at ankle; toes pointed down
Dorsiflexion
Bending of foot upwards towards ankle, toes up
Extension
Straightening of a joint
Eversion
turning the foot outward at the ankle joint so the sole of the foot is pointing outward (pigeon-toed)
Inversion
turning the foot outward at the ankle joint so the sole of the foot is pointing inward
Pronation
positioning of body or body part pointing downwards
(face down)
Supination
pointing body or body parts upwards
(face up)
Osteomalacia
Softening of bone caused by abnormal calcium deposits, can be caused by lack of vitamin D (rickets)
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and or marrow
Osteoporosis
Condition of decreased bone density due to a loss of bony substance and diminished osteogenesis
Primary Osteoporosis
Occurs with reduction in calcium intake and hormonal imbalance. Most commonly seen in postmenopausal women.
Hallux Valgus
Outward turning of big toe away from midline.
(bunion)
Hallux Vargus
Inward turning of big to towards midline
(pigeon toes for real!)
Hammer Toe, Claw Toe, Mallet Toe
Acquired / Congenital deformities of the toes as a result of abnormal positioning of INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
COXA VALGA
Outward turning of the hip joint, the shaft of the femur is bent outward in respect to the neck of the femur.
COXA VARA
Inward turning of the hip joint, Femur shaft is bent at inward angle in respect to neck of femur
GENU VALGUM
KNOCK KNEED - The knees are positioned closely, opposed to the space between ankles
GENU VARUM
BOWLEGGED - Space between knees is abnormally greater versus between ankles, lower portion of legs bows inward
TALIPES VALGUS
Outward turning of foot away from midline, In talipes valgus, the foot rotates outward like the letter L.
Procedure to correct : Triple Arthrodesis
TALIPES VARUS
Inward turning of foot towards midline, In talipes varus, the most common form of clubfoot, the foot generally turns inward so that the leg and foot look somewhat like the letter J.
Procedure to correct : Triple Arthrodesis
Fracture
Any discontinuity of the normal alignment of a bone, a break
Closed Fracture/Simple Fx
fracture is in normal anatomical position, skin is intact
Open Fracture/Compound Fx
Broken end of bone has penetrated skin exposing the bone; Damage occurs to blood vessels, nerves, and muscle. EMERGENCY=contaminated wound
Causes of Fractures
Traumatic- torsion, impact
Pathological - Breakdown of bone; disease,stress
Greenstick / Stress
FX - that occurs in only one cortex of the bone, incomplete break; often seen in children
Pott's Fracture
FX - occuring in fibula @ ankle; often along w/ medial malleolus
Colles' Fracture
FX - of distal radius, occurs at the epiphysis w/in 2.54 cm of the wrist joint, forcing hand into dorsal/lateral position.Caused by direct force: falling and using hand to break fall (closed reduction)
Comminuted Fracture
FX with more than 2 pieces of bone fragments, associated w/ soft tissue trauma
Transverse Fracture
Horizontal fracture through the bone
Oblique Fracture
a diagonal, or slanted fracture of the shaft along the bone's long axis
Spiral Fracture
A fracture that curves around the bone, result of direct twisting force or torsion
Impacted Fracture
Broken ends of bone are forced into each other creating many shards/fragments of bone. Caused by compressive force
Stellate Fracture
Star-shaped fracture - occurs at a central point, additional breaks radiate out from the center.
Intra-Articular Fracture
Fracture lines are on the joint surfaces of the bone
Transcervical Fracture
Transverse (horizontal) fracture through neck of femur, often occurs closer to femoral head
Sprains
Injury to joint catagorized by the rupture of some or all fibers of the supporting ligaments
Dislocation
the displacement of bone from its socket, caused by trauma
Internal Derangement of Knee Joint
Disruption in arrangement of structure, affects the function of the knee
Bucket Handle Tear
Internal Abnormality of the knee; C-shaped meniscus tears on the medial/lateral edge with the opposite side still attached. (Torn edge resembles bucket handle)
Joint Mice
Loose particles in joint caused by repeated trauma to knee= irritation,pain and locking of knee
5 Steps of Bone Healing Process
1. Inflammation- @ time of injury, along with fracture hematoma; 2 days
2.Cellular Formation - Formation of fibrin mesh w/ soft/granulation callus; 2nd day to 3/4 weeks
3.Callus Formation - Hard portion of bone begins to form w/ collagen matrix; lasts 3/4
Ewings Tumor
Malignant bone tumor, affects boys ages 5-15, 60% cure rate
Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Myeloma
Malignant tumor of plasma cells in marrow w/ the destruction of bone,w/ increased amounts of immunoglobulins, and Bence Jones protien
Osteogenic Sarcoma/Osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor of long bones esp. femur, metastasizing to the lungs.
Chondroma
Benign cartilage tumor
Giant Cell Tumor
Tumor of Epiphysis in long bones, esp. distal femur @ knee, seen in 20-40 age group
Osteoma
Benign bone tumor
Avulsion
Bone and tissues are pulled from normal anatomical attachments
Bucket Handle
Dual Vertical Fractures on the SAME SIDE of PELVIS
Butterfly
Associated w/comminuted fx, Bone fragments are shaped like a butterfly
Depressed
Occurs when bone is driven inward, seen w/ cranial fractures
Displaced
Fracture w/ both ends of bone out of anatomical alignment
Spontaneous/Pathological
Fracture that occurs w/o trauma; caused by drugs or disease
Distraction
Bone fragments are separated, granulated tissue fills spaces between delaying healing
Avascular Necrosis
Decrease in blood supply to bone, causes bone to die,circulation cannot be reestablished b/c of traumatic injury or vascular system is disrupted by other means
Delayed Union
Increased healing time of fracture due to: pathalogical (osteoporosis), mechanical (distraction of the fracture site or inadequate immobilization), or traumatic injury.
Nonunion
Fractured bones ends do not unite.
Malunion
Fracture heals in a way that does not resemble the original anatomical form of the bone, alters the mechanical funtion of the bone.
Compartmental Syndrome
Swollen tissue,intracompartmental bleeding, and bone fragments push against nerves and arteries w/in a closed space. Occurs in forearm/tibia. True emergency
Nerve Compression
Pressure on nerves caused by swollen tissue, often used as a clue to compartment syndrome
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Fat embolism - fat moves into veins and causes bleeding problems seen w/ pelvic fx, common complication of fractures
Thrombophlebitits
Inflammation of a vein due to a blood clot, most common complication of a fracture
4 Types of Bones
Long (femur), Flat (cranial bones), Irregular (vertebrae), Short (Carpal)
What is the most common site of injury to the knee?
The medial meniscus
Epihyseal Plate
growth plate" - located at the ends of long bones.
Antibiotic Irrigation
Bacitracin and Ancef reduce risk of osteomyelitis
General Anesthesia
Used for lumbar or spinal procedures
Regional Anesthesia
Used for arthroscopy and joint revision/repair
Local Anesthesia
Employed @ end of case, injected locally during closing sutures.
Esmarch
Rubber band used on extremity w/ aid of tourniquet to move blood away from site.
Tourniquet
Used when bloodless wound site is necessary, Cuffs may be Sterile/Unsterile.
Webril
Cast padding placed underneath tourniquet cuff that protects skin.
Tourniquet Pressures
250-350 mm Hg (Upper)
300-350 mm Hg (Lower extremity)
Max Inflation Time of a Tourniquet
1 Hour (Upper Extremity)
< 2 Hours (Lower) Check both @ 15 mins. after
Surgical Steel Suture
For Tendons, and bone to bone.
Used mainly on sternum
Polyester/Ethibond or Mersilene
Tendon Suture
Polypropelene (Prolene)
Tendon to bone Suture
Nylon Suture (Nurolon)
Tendon to bone
Chromic Gut
Periosteum
Polyglactin (Vicryl)
Periosteum
Reciprocating Saws
Power instrument with back & forth motion.
Oscillating Saws
Power instrument with side to side motion.
5 Processes of Osteogenesis
(bone healing)
1. Inflammation
2. Cellular Proliferation
3. Callus Formation
4. Ossification
5. Remodeling
Short Arm Cast
applied from below elbow to metacarpal heads, used for wrist fracture
Long Arm Cast
applied from axilla to metacarpal heads, for forearm or elbow fractures
Short Leg Cast
Applied from tibial tuberosity to metatarsal heads, ankle and foot fractures
Long Leg Cast
Cast from hip to metatarsal heads, for femoral fractures, tibia, fibula and ankle too.
Cylinder Cast
Applied from groin to ankle; required when complete immobilization of the knee is desired.
Hip Spica Cast
Applied to trunk, complete leg of affected side, and 1/2 of unaffected leg.
Body Jacket Cast
Applied to trunk of body to immobilize the spine.
Pedicles
2 short extensions or posterior projections from vertebrae
Pectoral Girdle Joints
glenohumeral, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular (AC) joints
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and supraspinatus muscles. Provide strength/stability for shoulder joint.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament, and Posterior Cruciate Ligament
2 large ligaments in knee joint that help stabilize movement of the knee.
O.R.I.F
Open Reduction Internal Fixation
ORIF Fracture Procedure
1. Incision to expose bone
2. Fracture approximated
3. Fixation device selected
4. Screw Placement Steps: Drill, Measure, Tap, Screw
Closed Reduction
Fracture reduced externally by manipulation or skeletal traction.
External Fixation
Bone-anchoring devices, longitudal supporting devices, connecting elements
Greater/Lesser Trochanters
Attachment sites for hip ligaments
Intertrochanteric Hip Fracture
Use of cannulated screws Dynamic Hip Screw system; Hip pinning - incision inserting guide wire into femoral head w/ triple reamer this drills for lag screw, countersinks plate, reams for plate barrel. Abduction position for healing.
Femoral Neck Fracture
requires internal fixation and has a high incidence of non-union healing.
Femoral Head Fracture
Prosthesis may be used w/ head fx. Femoral Head is replaced if fx is severe.
PUTTI PLATT
subscapularis tendon is divided, attaching the distal to the glenoid margin and the proximal to the anterior capsule; loss of external rotation and surgical scarring of the anterior capsule is the mechanism of increased stability for the anterior shoulder
Baker's Cyst
A cyst in the popliteal fossa
Menisectomy
A bucket-handle tear in the medial cartilage of the knee is repaired by performing this procedure?
Bennet Retractor
Which instruments would be used to retract the muscles during a hip pinning?
Total Knee Arthroplasty
Methyl methacrylate (cement for implants) would most likely be used in this procedure...
Neer Prosthesis
prosthesis is used for repair of comminuted fractures of the Humeral head, also in total arthroscopic shoulder repair
Carpal Tunnel Release
What procedure is performed to relieve pressure on the median nerve?
Tendons, Tendon Sheaths, and Bursa Bunion
A bony prominence on the medial aspect of the first metatarsal. The condition is associated with hallux valgus deformity.
Bone Cement Restrictor
What item should be available during a total hip arthroplasty to be inserted into the reamed femoral canal that will prevent methyl methacrylate from entering the medullary canal?
Ganglion of tendon sheath
a cystic growth commonly occuring on the dorsum of the wrist
Secondary Osteoporosis
caused by extended drug use, particularly steriods, or by extended periods of inactivity.
Interruptions of bone healing
poor immobilization of the fracture distraction of the bone fragments, defiecient or nonexsistent blood supply to the bone, Infection, Interposition of not occur soft tissue
Arthrography
X-ray of a joint after injection of a contrast medium
Clavicle
referred to as the collarbone, is a long , slender , doubly curved bone that acts as a brace for the scapula and aids in keeping the shoulder in place.
AC Joint
located at the top of the shoulder , is an articulation between the lateral end of the clavicle and the flattened, small process located on the border of the acromion.
Humerus
longest and largest bone of upper body extremities.
Patella
is a sesamoid bone contained within the quadriceps tendon
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Attached to the posterior lateral condyle of the femur and to a notch in the midline of tibia; between tibial condyles. Prevents femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia.
Ankle and Foot joint?
The ankle joint consists of seven tarsal bones whose names are: Calcaneus, Navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, middle cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform.
Traction
used to immobilize a joint, fracture, and align a body part.
3 types of traction :
Manual, Skin, Skeletal (sterile procedure)
Lasers used during Arthroscopy
CO2 and Contat Nd:Yag lasers. Co2 used to remove Meth methacrylate during a revision arthroscopy.
Information for Implants
# of implants, type of implants, size of implants, Manufacturer's serial #
Non-Absorbable Suture
used to repair ligaments, tendons, muscles and bone; because length of duration.
Polymethyl Methacylate
Bone Cement - used during total joint arthroplasty. Stabilizes and keeps implants in position
Ortho Hemostatic Agents
Gelfoam, Avitene, Bone wax, and Thrombin
Bucket Handle
Most common tear in the meniscus
ACL Repair
Involves replacement of the ligament w/Autograft, synthetic ligament or allograft
Types of Allograft
patella tendon, achilles' tendon, Anterior tibialis tendon
Above the Knee Amputation
Diabetic patients who are prone to non-healing ulcers and poor circulation @ risk for amputation; esp. in foot and leg.
TCL - Transverse Carpal Ligament
Roof of the Carpal Tunnel
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
is a common entrapment syndrome of the upper extremity that is frequently work related and possibly due to repeated motions.
Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel
Tingling in fingers,numbness in fingers, loss of sensation, decrease in motor control
Achilles Tendon
is most often ruptured, either partially or totally, by a traumatic incident sch as avulsion or laceration.
Total Knee Arthroplasty
indicated for patients who demonstrate radiographic intra-articular disease and severe knee pain or other symptoms that cannot be controlled by nonsurgical methods.
Avulsion Fracture
A fracture in which the ligament stays intact but in which a piece of bone is torn
Lordosis
lumbar curvature of spine
"swayback
Scoliosis
lateral S - curvature of spine; most common in female adolescents.
Harrington Rods
Interlocking plates w/ hooks and rods that correct or align spine
Laminectomy
a procedure that requires removing a portion of the posterior vertebral arch.ALSO --Performed in conjuntion w/ spinal fusions
Crosslink Spinal System
Implant often used for herniated disk repair; after spinal fusion takes place, crosslink supports anatomical alignment of spine.
Herniated Disk Treatments
POSTERIOR CERVICAL LAMINECTOMY - Decompression of nerve roots/spinal cord with OR
ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY W/FUSION- Approach from anterior to remove disk and fill with cancellous bone (fusion) from iliac crest.
Develepmental Dislocation of Hip (DDH)
pediatric dysplasia of hip-joint doesn't function w/acetabulum. Occurs mostly in females, 1st born, and breech births. Treated w/ Harness, Spica Cast, or surgery
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Femoral head slides backwards due to weak growth plate. Occurs in adolescent, overweight males. Treatment : Insertion of screw (cannulated?)
Pelvic Osteotomy for Spastic Hip Dislocation
Portion of proximal femur and portions of ilium are removed due to spastic muscles. Cerebal Palsy patients have this surgery to release hamstrings due to spasticity.
Talipes Equinovarus/Valgus/Varys
Club foot (horse name?) Common in 9-12 month old children. Longer tendons are shortened, shorter tendons are lengthened. Valgus/Varys
Elevators
Freer, whale tale, woodson, key elevator, chandler, and periosteal types
Retractors
Hibbs, Cobra, Adson-Beckman, Bennet, Hohman
These instruments are used to remove tissue around bones
Rongeur, Kerrison, Lexal, Steelies,
What are Rongeurs used for?
Gouging bone or tissue
Cast Syndrome
caused when body cast is too tight and the mesentaric artery is compressed against the duodenum; causes pain, nausea and vomiting
External Fixation
The use of devices such as pins in fractured bone segments to keep them aligned outside the body.
Pseudoarthritis
False joint resulting from a faulty fx healing
RICE
Rest, ice, compression, elevation
Subtrochanteric Fracture
1 to 2 inches below lesser trochanter. Occurs because of direct trauma. Most often seen in persons under 60 years old. ORIF usual treatment.
Extracapsular Fx
Fracture occurs outside of the joint capsule
Intracapsular Fracture
inside joint capsule
Capital Fracture Fracture of the head of the femur
Fracture that is harder to heal because the blood supply enters the femur below the neck of the femur; greater likelihood that necrosis will occur because the fracture is cut off from the blood supply
Subcapital Fracture
Fx just below head of the femur
Skin Traction
non-surgical method of stabilizing fx. Bucks traction frequently used to temp immobilize fx.
Pelvis - Consists of ...
Sacrum, Coccyx, pelvic girdle and provides support for the trunk and femoral attachments
PCL
prevents femur from sliding forwards on tibia, prevents hyperextension
Instruments for taking a bone graft
Curettes, mallet, power saw, and osteotomes
ACL Fixation
Bone screws, staples, spiked washers, buttons
Debridement
A PROCESS IN WHICH A CONTAMINATED, INFECTED, AVASCULAR TISSUE OR DEBRIS IS CUT AWAY OR REMOVED FORM A WOUND.
Notchplasy
uses 4.5mm srthroplasty bur, osteotome, and rasp; widens the anterior portion of the condylar notch to prevent impingement on the ACL graft; portion of the ACL remains is debrided w/full radius resector to the arthroscopic shaver
Pituitary Rongeur
removes soft tissue that surrounds the outer portion of the femoral tunnel to facilitate passage of the graft
internal fixation of femoral shaft fractures
surgery is recommended right away. if delayed, leg should be placed in traction
intertrochanteric procedure
repair of hip fractures. AO dynamic hip screw/dynamic condylar screw (DHS/DCS)
Bone Wax
A WAXY SUBSTANCE USED TO CONTROL CAPILLARY BLEEDING ON THE SURFACE OF BONE.
Fasciotomy
A PROCEDURE IN WHICH FASCIA IS INCISED TO RELEASE PRESSURE CAUSED BY SWELLING WITHIN A MUSCLE BUNDLE.
Ream
TO ENLARGE A PRE-EXISTING HOLE, DEPRESSION, OR CHANNEL, SUCH AS THE MEDULLARY CANAL.
Slap Hammer
A TYPE OF IMPACTOR USED PRIMARILY IN ARTHROPLASTY TO SEAT A JOINT COMPONENT INTO THE BONE
Subluxation
Partial or incomplete displacement of the joint surface
Bone of the Spine
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Anterior Glenohumeral Dislocation
Most common shoulder joint dislocation; can be popped back into place
3 types of Total Knees
UniCompartment, Bicompartment, TriCompartment
Positioning Equipment
Fracture Table (radiolucent procedure table)
Bean bag, McGuire (Pelvic) and Andrews Frame (kneeling)
Cortical Screws
Threads all the way down screw
Cancellous Screw
smooth with threads on bottom half
External Fixation
Bone-anchoring, longitudinal support, connecting devices. External pins used to set bones.
Hemi- Arthroplasty
Partial HipThe operation is similar to a Total, but involves only half of the hip. The hemiarthroplasty replaces only the ball portion of the hip joint, not the socket portion. In a total hip replacement, the socket is also replaced.
Total Hip
Replacing both the acetabulum and the femoral head while hemiarthroplasty generally only replaces the femoral head
Hip Reconstruction
Replaces the upper end of the thighbone (femur) with a metal ball and resurfaces the hip socket in the pelvic bone with a metal shell and plastic liner.
External Pelvic Fixator
to stabilize the pelvic area. This device has long screws that are inserted into the bones on each side and connected to a frame outside the body. The external fixator allows surgeons to address the internal injuries to organs, blood vessels and nerves.
Thomas Splint
Maintains traction before surger, for fractures in lower extremities (femur)
Tibia Fracture
Most common site for open fracture, treated w/ external fixator, followed by ORIF.
Types of Bone Holding Forceps
Lewin Clamp, Lohman Bone Clamp, 399 clamp
Patellectomy
reduces how knee joint is extended.
Tibial Plateau Fx
Joint surfaces involved, alignment of articular surfaces crucial to provide stability; treated w/immobilization for non-displaced, ORIF for displaced fx's
Knee Fx
Patellectomy or fixation by suturing and tension band wiring or screw inserted.
Hybrid Treatment
Reduction or Treatment with partial use of bone cement.
Bristow
Repair of rotator cuff injury involving the coracoid process.
Awl
T - shaped nail starter/reamer
Femoral Awl
taps bone to start hole for screw.
Olecranon Fx Repair
Plates, suture and internal K-Wire and Tension Banding (really strong suture)
Percutaneous Pinning
External Fixation w/ K-Wires - for closed olecranon fractures.
Radius and Ulna Fx
commonly seen in children, usually repaired externally w/ K - Wires
Arthroscopic Positioning Knee
Knees @ 90 degree angle
Total Knee
In general, the surgery consists of replacing the diseased or damaged joint surfaces of the knee with metal and plastic components shaped to allow continued motion of the knee.