nosocomial infection
hospital born infection
most frequent cause of contamination
the person compounding
Purpose of flow hoods
reduce risk of airborne contamination when preparing sterile products
provides constant flow of air
air is filtered
pre filter
removes large particles
HEPA filters
remove 99.97% of particles and microorganisms .3 microns or larger
replaced on a regular basis
inspection and certification every 6 months
Flow hood facts
used in preparing antineoplastic and other hazardous products
some air is recirculated and filtered again, remainder is vented outside
Parts of a Syringe
plunger
barrel
tip for needle attachment(luer-lock)
markings for measure
top collar
flat end(lip)
Syringe Sizes
1-100 ml
tip for syringing
always use a syringe closest to the amount of fluid that needs to be measured
syringe types
glass or plastic, plastic is more common
Needle Parts
shaft, hub, beveled tip, beveled heel, bevel
Size
outside diameter is the gauge of the needle (larger gauge number smaller needle and vice versa)
Length
length of needle measured in inches
Injections
go through one or more layers of skin, bypasses alimentary canal(digestive system)
Injection uses:
correct electrolyte and fluid imbalances; provide basic nutrition(tpn); vehicles for drugs
Parenteral Routes
Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intravenous
Intradermal (I.D)
Drug is injected into the superficial layer of the skin; only small volumes(.2ml) can be administered this way; generally used for diagnostic testing and a limited number of vaccines (TB skin test, small pox vaccine); absorption is slow, so onset of actio
Subcutaneous (S.C)
Injections of small volumes are given in the loose tissue beneath the skin(outer surface of arm or thigh); response is more rapid with SC than ID
Intramuscular(I.M.)
Injection into Muscle Mass; Common Sites: deltoid muscle in upper arm
gluteal medial muscle; absorption rate is more rapid than SC; prolong absorption by using aqueous or oil vehicle
Intravenous (IV)
1.Administration into veins for rapid effects
2. No retreat of the drug once administered
3. Solutions and some emulsions(lipids)
4. No suspensions
IV injection sites (Peripheral)
for drugs that do not irritate the veins- isotonic solutions,
For patients who require only short term IV therapy- dorsal forearm surface
IV injection sites (Central)
for administration of irritating drugs or hypertonic solutions; for patients requiring long term IV therapy; when a peripheral line cannot be maintained; large veins in thoracic cavity; subclavian; high amount of blood flow allows for rapid dilution of so
IV injection Sites (less commonly used routes)
Intra-arterial(artery)
Intracardiac(heart)
intra-articular(joint)
Intraspinal(spinal cord-must be preservative free)
Intrasynovial(lining of joint cavity)
Intrathecal(brain spinal cord-preservative free)
Common Parenteral Fluids
Dextrose: D5W(5% D)
D10W(10%D)
Common Parenteral Fluids
Sodium Chloride:
NS(normal saline):