Theater of Dionysus
4th Century BC. In Athens. Drama was invented by the ancient Greeks, and performed here. Their performances commemorated religious festivals. On the southern slope of the acropolis it held approximately 17000 people. tragedies and comedies
Herodotus
5th Century BC "father of history". researched events. The Histories. critical view of sources. traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.
Thucydides
5th Century BC. Former Athenian general. Wrote History of the Peloponesian War. Interested in causes and effects. eliminated references to divine intervention/interaction. relies on eyewitness testimony, More accurate than Herodotus.
Battle of Aegospotami
5th Century BC. Spartan Commander Lysander defeats Athens navy, subject's Athens to blockade. Athens surrenders unconditionally. 1. no walls 2. join Peloponnese league 3. give up democracy
Macedonia
4th Century BC. The largest empire the ancient world had known. Brings Greek culture into east/Persia. flowering of new technology and ideas. adopted Greek culture, worshiped Greek gods, were permitted to participate in the Olympic Games. Difference: They
Philip II
4th Century BC. Familiarity with Greek culture and politics, unified Macedonian tribes into one kingdom, secured northern Macedonian frontier against Thracians and Illyrians.
adopted military reforms
equipped infantry with long spikes (sarisa)
spaced infa
Battle of Chaeronea
4th Century BC. Phillip II defeats the Greeks (Corinth and Athens) Forms the Peloponnesian League, and becomes head of it, he helps to unite them, doesn't subjugate them because he identifies with them.
Alexander III "The Great
4th Century BC. Undefeated, 30 cities named after him, god-like Arian, head of calvary, lead the charges, combined Greek and Persian approaches to rule. Greek: equal, but authorative. Persian: rule by god "Lord of Asia"
tried to create a combined ruling e
gymnasium
importanter than the theater. Athletic training for Olympics originally. Secondary school, introduced to culture and mythology in addition to athletics. connect them back to Greek world (in a lot of hellenized cities)
koine
greek, a new Greek dialect introduced by Hellenization, united the new "Greek" urban centers, language of trade/commerce in the eastern Mediterranean.
Great Silk Road
extended over 3,000 miles to northern China. (bulk commodities still sent on the seas). new markets and opportunities, India, Arabia, sub-Sahara Africa. Connected east to west stuff.
syncretism
4th Century BC. religious, blend traditions, practices, Alexander the Great in Egypt, combining different forms of belief or practices, Ex: when two different gods are blended together to explain the same underlying force (Amon becomes Zeus-Amon) typical
mystery cults
involved secret initiations and practices, aimed at achieving personal salvation (core belief) Ex: Mithras, Isis, Serapis
secret churches, members gather behind closed doors, share a meal, sacrifice divine bull, drink its blood (people think that Christia
Epicureanism-
4th and 3rd Centuries BC. epicurus, value of pursuing pleasure, being free from worries and concerns, friendships, NO POLITICS
Stoicism
4th and 3rd Centuries BC. Zeno, stoic: emotionless, unflinching, value in pursuing virtue, found in simply accepting divine will, Fate: the gods have plans, unmoved: not too excited, not too depressed. Best philosophy for a politician, Marcus Arelius, gov
Euclid
4th century BC. Scientific endeavors in the Hellenistic Age, eastern learning, esp math, combined with Greek knowledge, esp natural world, wrote a textbook "Elements of Geometry" (included proofs and theorems: you can build off proofs) used up to modern t
Archimedes
3rd Century BC. from Syracuse, Sicily, pioneered studies in mechanics, (ex. levers) observations in hydrostatics, treatises on floating bodies
Tiber River
site of Rome, so centrally located, could expand, trade, fresh water, access to Mediterranean, not coastal, so insulated from pirates and etruscans
Magna Graecia
great greece" in latin, costal areas of southern italy (around sicily) that were extensively populated by greek settlers. Began arriving in the 8th Century BC, brought with them their hellenic civilzation, which was to leave a lasting impact in Italy, su
Etruscans
natives of Etruria, powerful, wealthy, and refined ancient civilization of ancient Italy in the area corresponding roughly to Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio, their civilization influenced the Romans, who had supressed them by the 3rd century
Romulus and Remus
twin brothers and main characters of Rome's foundation myth. Father is Mars, god of war, mother is the virgin Rhea, Rhea's brother had abandoned them to die in the Tiber River. Saved by a she-wolf, come back when they're grown, and kill their uncle, and t
consuls
an official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect and promote the government's citizens and interests there. (in ancient Rome) one of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic.
centuriate assembly
of the Roman republic. One of the three voting assemblies in the Roman constitution, originally divided Roman citizens into groups of one hundred men by classes. At first, military status, later on money. Legislative, electoral and judicial. majority wins
senate
the state council of the ancient Roman republic & empire, which shared legislative power with the popular assemblies, administration with the magistrates, and judicial power with the knights? what is this?
patrician
an aristocrat or nobleman, a member of the original senatorial aristocracy in ancient Rome.
plebeian
a commoner in ancient Rome
tribune of the plebs
5th Century BC. the first office of the Roman senate that was open to the plebeians, and throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the Roman Senate and magistrates. Power to convene and preside over the people's asse
twelve tables
5th Century BC. the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code of law. A commission of ten men was appointed to draw up a code of law-binding on both patrician and plebeian and which consuls would have t enforce. Romans were expected to memorize this
Pyrrhus of Epirus
4th Century BC. a Greek general and statesman of the Hellenistic period. He was king of a Greek tribe, and one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. He came to aid the Greeks against Rome.
First Punic War
3rd Century BC. the first of three wars fought between ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic. For more than 20 years, the powers struggled for supremacy, primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily, and Northern Africa.
Second Punic War
3rd Century BC (late) The Hannibalic War or the War Against Hannibal. Involved combatants against in the western and eastern Mediterranean. 2nd major war between Carthage and Roman Republic. Hannibal crosses the Alps, defeats the Romans.
Third Punic War
2nd Century BC. Third and last of the wars fought between colony of Carthage and the Roman Republic. Final destruction of Carthage, population enslaved, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. (after the second Punic war, the people of Carthage
Carthage
1000 BC to 2nd Century BC. founded by the Phonecians, once upon a time was the capital of the powerful Punic empire, which fell to Rome in the 2nd Century BC. Redeveloped as Roman Carthage, which became the provinces major city.
triumph
the processional entry of a victorious general into ancient Rome
Gaius Marius
2nd-1st Centuries BC. initiated reforms, eliminated the land requirement for enlistment, promise of land in return for military service, soldiers swear allegiance to commanding general, NOT SENATE.
Lucius Sulla
2nd-1st Centuries BC. discovered real potential for Roman army reforms. Marched army into Rome, had himself declared emergency dictator (to clear things up) and had 3000 of his political opponents executed, gives his power back, and leads his army away, p
First Triumvirate
2nd - 1st Centuries BC. 2) Pompey 2) Marcus Lineas Crassus 3) Gaius Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar
Ist Century BC. "dictator for life" I came...I saw...I conquered. Crosses the Rubicon River, victory over Pompey, ends autonomy of the Senate, assassination of Pompey, Dictator of Rome (the first 10 years-autocratically, then dictator for life)minimizes i
Rubicon River
the river that Julius Caesar wasn't allowed to cross with an army. It's illegal to have troops in Rome: treason. After crossing it, he reached a point of no return.
Ides of March
March 15th, 44 BC. day of Julius Caesar's assassination by Brutus and Cassius "Beware the Ides of March
Cleopatra
1st Century BC. Queen of Egypt, one of the Ptolemies, lover of Marc Antony, her reputation of luxurious, exotic sensuality grades on the reputation of the Romans. Octavian: "look what Marc Antony is doing: deal with the devil" so when Cleopatra and Antony
Battle of Actium
1st Century BC. Octavian v. Marc Antony and Cleopatra, naval battle, Octavian beats them and becomes the sole ruler of ancient Rome and ends the civil war, Marc Antony and Cleopatra sail back to Alexandria and commit suicide.
Second Triumvirate
1st Century BC.
1) Octavian (Gaul and Spain)
2) Marc Antony (East)
3) Marcus Lepidus (North Africa)
They hunted down the opponents of Caesar, purged Rome of political enemies, and defeated Cassius and Brutus in the Battle of Philippi, 3 man alliance, Lepi
Augustus
(Octavian) Caesar's adopted son. Ruled from later first Century BC to mid 1st Century AD.
holds consul every year.
proclaims restoration of the Republic: renounces his emergency powers, receives power back from the Senate. new name = Augustus ("illustriou
princeps
1st Century BC - 4th Century AD. "first citizen" unofficial title used by Roman emperors from Augustus to Diocletian. The title originated under the Roman Republic, when it was held by the leading member of the Senate.
The Aeneid
1st Century BC. by Virgil, about Aeneas's journey to found Rome, after the battle of Troy, written very pro-romanly, how they viewed the history of Rome, tried to one-up the Greeks, propaganda paid for by Romans.
Praetorian Guard
3rd Century BC. best guards in the Roman empire, guard emperor, closest to him, so he trusts them (appointed a Praetorian guard to be governor of Egyptian province: food supply for Rome)
Pax Romana
1st Century BC - 2nd Century AD. "The Roman Peace" stable rule. Marcus Aurelius (last of the 5? good emperors) appointed Commodus, his son, to be emperor, and ended the Pax Romana.
Year of the four emperors
69 AD. Four generals contend. They all march on Rome. (The military decides who would be emperor and for how long)
Roads
important, duh, transportation of troops, etc. "All roads lead to Rome" ...get things to places very quickly, 40-50 miles of roads, Via Apia = highway
State cult
1st Century BC. aka Imperial Cult. Began with death of Julius Caesar, Augustus becomes the "son of the divinized one" (divifilus) now claims to be son of the gods
native cults
mystery cults
worship old dead emperors basically
divifilus
1st Century BC. "son of the divinized one" Augustus. leads to his worshiping and stuff.
patron
oldest social institution in Rome. a reciprocal exchange of goods and favors, patron provides client with advice, legal support, food or money, protection. emperor: greatest patron of all, uses systems to administer the empire, runs the empire through fav
client
provides patrons with respect, loyalty, and publicity, patron client thing existed everywhere in Roman society.
Romanization
Act & Think like a Roman, spreads culture in the provinces, every free person can become a citizen (as of 212) adopt Roman culture, architecture, Latin, language, religion, law, those out in provinces can become officials, join army
bathhouses
everywhere (first form of entertainment) socialize, relax, etc. nicest one for emperor and his nobles.
chariot racing
could also be for lower classes. size, people liked crashes, (lots of people) Circus Maximus: crocidiles (naval battles & recreate battles)
gladiators
arming and pairing gladiators for interesting fights, really bloody, not just in Rome, gladiator schools, SPARTACUS
Colleseum
1st Century AD.
1) animal fights
2) public executions
3) gladiators: hand to hand combat and teams
Nero
1st Century AD, started the major Christian persecutions, fire in 64 AD, blamed it on the Christians.
Perpetua
3rd Century AD. Martyr of the early Catholic faith, married nobleman, 22 yrs old, mother with a nursing infant, a popular story because of all of this. "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Catholic faith", right?
Apologists
2nd Century AD. one of the possible reasons that Christianity grew to approximately 10% by 300 AD.
Justin Martyr
Clement of Alexandria
Origen of Alexandria
Diocletian
3rd -4th Century AD. Initiated reforms, forbade Christians from assembling, destruction of churches and books, started the "Great Persecution
The Great Persecution
4th Century AD. (early) started by Diocletian. 3000 martyrs, last of the major Christian persecutions.
reason: people needed to worship the 3 main Roman gods to ensure Roman stability because:
Instability of Imperial Throne
Constant warfare
Economic Probl
Tetrarchy
3rd -4th Centuries AD. One of the reforms of Diocletian (his attempt to deal with problems) West: Augustus & Caesar. East: Augustus & Caesar. Split Roman empire in half & half again. Soon breaks down, though
Gaul: Caesar
Italy: Augustus
Illium: Caesar
Eas
Constantine I
4th Century AD. Augustus: senior western emperor, his father was Caesar of Britain, after his dad's death, he emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against Maxentius and Licinius. Then, sole ruler of West and East.
Called the council of Nicea. Fina
Battle of Milvian Bridge
4th Century AD. between Roman emperors Constantine I and Maxentius. Constantine won the battle, began to end Tetrarchy, beginning of conversion to Christianity: dream- "in this sign, you shall conquer" painted the kairos on the shields.
Edict of Milan
4th Century AD. by Constantine I. Toleration of Christians, but doesn't make it the official religion of the Roman empire yet.
Theodosius I
4th Century AD. Emperor after Constantine, makes Christianity the official state religion.
Constantinople
4th Century AD. Byzantium site, est. by Constantine, had 2 military roads, trade routes, he renovates the city, THE NEW ROME, myth of Rome, Roman empire = Byzantine Empire. large, thick walls: preserve western society, entrance to Western Europe.
Battle of Adrianople
4th Century AD. Large revolt of the Visigoths who sought (and gained shelter) from the Huns. They settled south of the Danube River, revolted because they were being treated badly, and I think they killed the emperor of Rome...
Visigoths
4th and 5th Centuries AD. One of the first Germanic tribes to come to Rome. (plus Ostrogoths = Goths) Huns invaded and they fled (Ostrogoths enslaved, though) Gained shelter from Rome, however, Romans in their area overpriced necessities, and were fishes
Vandals
5th Century AD. Another Germanic tribe, Cross into North Africa from Iberian Peninsula. They also sack Rome, and for longer, (like six days) but it was already done, so, eh, not as a big of a deal.
Romulus Augustus
5th Century AD. The last Roman emperor in the West, deposed by Odoacer, whoever he is....
Ostrogoths
5th - 8th Centuries AD. Plus the Visigoths = Goths. Enslaved by the Huns initially, but after Attila the Hun's defeat, they were released, and in the 5th Century, Emperor Zeno invited them to invade Italy. They (lead by Theodoric) then controlled Italy.
Lombards
6th - 8th Centuries AD. Also ruled Italy. Also a barbaric kingdom of the 5th - 8th centuries AD.
Franks
5th - 8th Centuries AD, the first barbaric Kingdom to be converted to Nicean Catholicism, leader was Clovis. (the other tribes were Arianistic) Also, they don't adopt Roman laws (unlike the other tribes)
Clovis
5th - 6th Centuries, leader of the Franks, very cruel, original convert to Christianity.
Salic Law
6th Century AD. Frankish Law, Germanic in origin, the franks were illiterate, so, Latin writings, but tribal laws, (blood feuds, which I still don't get) BLENDING of two societies.
Council of Nicaea
4th Century AD. First Ecumenical council, summoned and presided over by emperor Constantine:
produced the Nicene Creed and Arianism was deemed heretical.
Athanasius of Alexandria was exiled for defending the Nicene Creed: "Begotten, not made, con-substant
Arianism
3rd and 4th Centuries AD. Started by Arius of Alexandria, who taught that Christ was a created being, conceived in time. Many of the barbarian tribes who converted to Christianity converted to this heretical Christianity initially.
Ulfilas
4th Century AD. Ordained bishop of the Christian Community in the Gothic land
born in the land of the Goths
baptized an Arian Christian
translates the bible into Gothic language
BIRTH OF GERMANIC LANGUAGE
St. Jerome
4th and 5th Centuries AD. Est. a Latin theological tradition, translated the Old and New testaments into Latin (the Vulgate)
Saint Augustine
4th and 5th Centuries AD. Combated heresies for Manichaeism, Donatism, & Pelagianism.
Confessions: Story of his personal journey to the faith of Nicean Catholicism
Maybe the greatest western thinker?
The city of God
5th Century AD. written by St Augustine. How Catholics should relate to the secular, material world. Historical context: first sack of Rome
The Rule of St. Benedict
5th Century AD.
authored by St. Benedict of Nursia.
Guidelines:
Moderation
Obedience
Stability
Activities:
Recited psalms-liturgy of the hours 8x a day
Manual labor-eat what they grow
Lectio Divina- interior meditation and prayer
NOT Priests, but lay peop
St. Patrick
4th- 5th Centuries AD. Re-established Christianity in Ireland.
Primary bishopric at Armagh. (Romans never conquered Ireland, so no urban foundations)
Latin not spoken, either
Not the first person to bring Christianity to Ireland, but he brings normative C
St. Columba
6th Century AD. prince of Irish warrior clans, ran a monastery, had a lot of connections....clans give monasteries tribal land, so clan leaders appoint the abbots (sometimes family members)
Book of Kells
7th Century AD. Irish Illumination. MASSIVE statement. (began at Iona) took several monks several years to finish, rivals the art of Europe, artistry: blend of Catholic and Celtic culture, shows the wealth of the monastery
Rule of St. Columbanus
6th Century AD.
Peregrinato = pilgrimage. white martyrdom. Because the monastaries had turned into urban centers, the monks had to go away from them for a time. dying to self
NOT like the rule of St. Benedict
more vigorous
not as much moderation
fasting a