Bill of Rights
Ten amendments that were ratified to protect the privacy of individuals
Fourth Amendment
States that the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects must not be violated
Right of privacy
Right to be left alone, the most comprehensive of rights, and most valued by free people
Communications privacy
Ability to communicate with others without those communications being monitored by other persons or organizations
Data privacy
Ability to limit access to one's personal data in order to exercise control over that data and its use
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Regulates the operations of credit-reporting bureaus
Right to Financial Privacy Act
Protects the records of financial institution customers from unauthorized scrutiny by the federal government
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
Bank deregulation law that repealed the Glass-Steagall law
Financial privacy rule
- Opt out: Customers' refusal to give the institution the right to share personal data with third parties
- Opt in: Customers give financial institutions the right to share their personal data to other financial institutions
Safeguards rule
Requires financial institutions to document a data security plan for clients' personal data protection
Pretexting rule
Addresses attempts by people to access personal information without proper authority
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
Allows consumers to request and obtain a free credit report once each year from each of the three primary consumer credit reporting companies
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
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American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Contains provisions for electronic health records. Bans the sale of health information, promotes the use of audit trails and encryption, and provides rights of access for patients
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Assigns certain rights to parents regarding their children's educational records
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)
Aims to give parents control over the collection, use, and disclosure of their children's personal information over the Internet
Communications Act
Established the Federal Communications Commission to regulate all:
- Non-federal-government use of radio and television broadcasting
- Interstate telecommunications and international communications that originate or terminate in the U.S.
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)
Describes procedures for the electronic surveillance and collection of foreign intelligence information
Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
Regulates the interception of wire and oral communications
- Allows law enforcement officials to use wiretapping
- Known as the Wiretap Act
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
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National Security Letter (NSL)
Compels holders of personal records to turn them over to the government
Pen register
Records electronic impulses to identify the numbers dialed for outgoing calls
Trap and trace
Records the originating number of incoming calls for a particular phone number
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)
Required the telecommunications industry to build tools into its products
- For use by federal investigators, after obtaining a court order, to intercept communications
USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism)
Increased the ability of law enforcement agencies to search personal records
NSL gag provision
Prohibits NSL recipients from informing anyone that the government has secretly requested an individual's records
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Amendments Act
Granted NSA expanded authority to collect international communications as they flow through U.S. telecom network equipment and facilities
Fair information practices
Set of guidelines that govern the collection and use of personal data
Transborder data flow
Flow of personal data across national boundaries
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
International organization that aims to set policies and agreements on topics for which multilateral consensus is required
European Union Data Protection Directive
Ensures that data transferred to non-European Union countries is protected
European Data Protection Regulation
Enforces a single set of rules for data protection across the EU, eliminating the need for costly administrative processes
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Grants citizens the right to access certain information and records of federal, state, and local governments upon request
Privacy Act
Sets rules for the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal data kept in systems of records by federal agencies
- Prohibits U.S. government agencies from concealing the existence of any personal data record-keeping system
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act
Mandates that within 60 days after discovery of a data breach, each individual whose health information has been exposed must be notified
Electronically stored information (ESI)
Any form of digital information stored on any form of electronic storage device