Evolutionary Psychology
emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior. Favors behavior that increases reproductive success.
Genes
units of hereditary info composed of DNA. Genes help cells to reproduce themselves and assemble proteins that direct body processes.
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
Mitosis
cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself; two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Meiosis
a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes).
Fertilization
a stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote.
genotype
all of a person actual genetic material
Klinefelter syndrome
males have an extra x chromosome, undeveloped testes, large breasts and are very tall - usually not diagnosed till adulthood.
fragile x syndrome
broken x chromosome, mental deficiency is usually the outcome, more common in males because females have the extra X chromosome.
cystic fibrosis
glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production, breathing and digestion hampered
Huntington's disease
central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
behavioral genetics
the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
Heredity-Environment Correlations
passive (inherited) , evocative elicits), active (seeks out)
musically inclined parents have musically inclined children
Passive Heredity-Environment Correlation
happy outgoing child elicits smiles and friendly response from others
Evocative Heredity-Environment Correlation
children seek out their own interests
Active Heredity-Environment Correlation
Epigenetic View
perspective that emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.
Gene x Environmental Interaction
the interaction between a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment
germinal period
takes places the first two weeks after conception, includes the zygote, cell division and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
embryonic period
2-8 weeks after conception, organs appear
endoderm
inner layer of cells - digestive and respiratory
ectoderm
outermost layer of cells - nervous systems, eyes, ears, nose
mesoderm
middle layer - circulatory system, bones. muscles, reproductive system, skin, hair nails
A fetus that has a chance to survive outside the womb at _____________________________
six months or 24-25 weeks
Fatty tissues develop and the functioning of various organ systems - heart and kidneys, for example - happens during the ______________________________.
last two months of fetal development
The germinal and embryonic stages occur during the______________.
first trimester
The fetal period lasts about____________________.
seven months
The forming of the neural tube is the beginning of the___________________.
nervous system
Apgar Scale
widely used method to assess the health of a newborn at one and five minutes after birth
The five parts of an APGAR:
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color and reflex irritability
Infants that weigh less than 5 and a half pounds are considered_____________________________.
low birth weight infants
A generation of new neurons is called___________________.
neurogenesis
At about the 23rd prenatal week connections between ______________________ begin to form.
neurons
Chorionic callus sampling (CVS) is a procedure where a tiny tissue from the _______________ is removed and analyzed.
placenta
How a mother metabolizes a particular drug can influence the degree to which the drug effects are transmitted to the fetus is an example of_______________.
genetic susceptibility
After_____________________ is complete, teratogens are less likely to cause anatomical defects.
organogenesis
Most children with____________________________have learning problems, and many are below average intelligence.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Conditions, such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia, are produced by _____ abnormalities.
gene linked
____________________are both genetic disorders that are both caused by the presence of an extra chromosome.
Down syndrome and Turner syndrome
The cellular clock theory holds that our cells divide:
75-80 times
Facial deformities, defective limbs, learning problems, below-average intelligence, and impaired memory development are all linked to which teratogen?
alcohol
The epigenetic view of development states that development is:
the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.
Most people who have hemophilia or fragile-X syndrome are:
males