Development
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Life span perspective
views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.
Lifelong development
in the life span perspective, early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates development.
multidimensional development
in the life span perspective, Whatever your age, your body, your mind, your emotions, and your relationships are changing and affecting each other.
multidirectional development
in the life span perspective, Throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink. Like when a language is developed early, it can be difficult to develop another down the road.
plastic development
in the life span perspective, Plasticity is the capacity for change.
multidisciplinary development
in the life span perspective, Examples include... How do your heredity and health limit your intelligence? Do intelligence and social relationships change with age in the same way around the world?
cognitive development
in the life span perspective, All development occurs within a context, or setting. Ex, families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods, etc.
plasticity
the capacity for change
age graded
normative _____ ________ influences are those similar for individuals in a particular age group.
history graded
normative _____ ______ influences are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.
life events
normative ____ _______ are unusual occurences that have a major impact on the individual's life.
sociocultural context
Health, parenting, and education, like development itself, are all shaped by their _______ _______.
culture
encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
cross-cultural studies
compare aspects of two or more cultures.
ethnicity
rooted in cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language
socioeconomic status
refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
gender
characteristics of people as males and females.
social policy
a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
biological processes
processes that produce changes in an individual's physical nature.
ex. Genes inherited from parents, development of the brain, height and weight gains, changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, hormonal changes in puberty and cardiovascular decline.
cognitive processes
processes that refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
ex. Watching colorful mobile swinging above the crib, putting together a two word sentence, memorizing a poem, imagining what it would be like to be a movie star, and
socioemotional processes
processes that involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
EX. Infant's smile in response to a parent's touch, toddler's aggressive attack on a playmate, a school age child's develo
development cognitive neuroscience
explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain.
development social neuroscience
examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain.
prenatal period
time from conception to birth
infancy period
period from birth to 18 or 24 months
early childhood
end of infancy to age 5 or 6
middle and late childhood
from 6 to 11 years of age
adolescence
from about 10-12 years of age and ending at 18-21 years of age.
early adulthood
early 20s and lasts through 30s
middle adulthood
40-60 years of age
late adulthood
60s-70s and lasts until death
first age
childhood and adolescence
second age
Prime adulthood, 20s through 50s
third age
Approximately 60 to 79 years of age
fourth age
Approximately 80 years and older
chronological age
the number of years that have elapsed since birth
psychological age
an individuals adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
social age
refers to social roles and expectations related to a person's age
nature and nurture issue
involves the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture.
stability and change issue
involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
continuity and discontinuity change
focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change
scientific method
four step process: 1.) Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied 2.) Collect research information (data) 3.) Analyze data, and 4.) Draw conclusions.
theory
an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions that suggest hypotheses.
hypotheses
specific assertions and predictions that can be tested.
Freud's theory
Believed primary motivation for human behavior is sexual in nature; Was convinced that their problems were the result of experiences early in life. He thought that as children grow up, their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shifts from the mouth to t
Erikson's theory
Focuses on our interactions with others and society; He states that we develop in psychosocial stages rather than psychosexual stages. He said primary motivation in life was social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people. Emphasized the impor
Piaget's theory
States that children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world. Said each stage is age-related and consists of a distinct way of thinking, a different way of understanding the world. He obs
qualitative change
focus on changes in the way children think, behave, and perceive the world differently as they mature. An example of these differences would be a child that at a young age has difficulty understanding the perspectives of others.
quantitative change
looking at memory based on age.
Vygotsky's theory
Development occurs w/in context of interaction and culture; kids learn through interaction with others and learn more effectively when care givers help them;
EX. Helping kids sound out words to help them learn
ecological theory
Stresses biological factors and emphasizes environmental factors
Brofenbrenner
Environmental Systems based on __________ Ecological Theory; Microsystem, Mesosystem, Macrosystem
microsystem
setting in which the individual lives. These contexts include the person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood. Most direct interactions with social agents take place here
mesosystem
relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. Examples are the relation of family experiences to school experiences and school experiences to religious experiences, and family experiences to the peer experiences
macrosystem
involves the *culture in which individuals live.
longitudinal approach
research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more
Cohort effects
due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age
ethics
include four important issues: Informed consent, Confidentiality, Debriefing, and deception.
ethnic gloss
is using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.
classic conditioning
Pavlov's dogs, little albert and the animals