Which of the following emotions is expressed by infants in the first six months of life?
a) Shame
b) Embarrassment
c) Jealousy
d) Fear
fear
Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a play-date and teases her about wearing night-time diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions.
a) primary
b) other worldly
c) other-conscious
d) conscious
other-conscious
When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.
a) private
b) reflexive
c) natural
d) social
reflexive
Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:
a) trust smiling.
b) social smiling.
c) reflexive smiling.
d) attachment smiling.
social smiling.
Separation protest is characterized by:
a) rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
b) crying when the caregiver shouts.
c) crying when the caregiver leaves.
d) indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.
crying when the caregiver leaves.
The development of _____ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger.
a) infinite generativity
b) deferred imitation
c) social referencing
d) reciprocal socialization
social referencing
_____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
a) Attachment
b) Temperament
c) Perception
d) Social referencing
Temperament
According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
a) slow-to-warm-up
b) easy
c) difficult
d) inflexible
easy
According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
a) slow-to-warm-up
b) easy
c) difficult
d) flexible
difficult
Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as:
a) easy child.
b) difficult child.
slow-to-warm-up child.
In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy.
a) 25
b) 30
c) 40
d) 55
40
In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.
a) 10
b) 30
c) 40
d) 55
10
According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:
a) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
b) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified
is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?
a) Do not soothe the baby, because he/she will be spoiled.
b) Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
c) Allow the
Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.
a) curiosity
b) dependence
c) autonomy
d) fear
autonomy
According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?
a) Before 6 months
b) Between 12 to 18 months
c) Between 18 to 20 months
d) From 24 months on
From 24 months on
In which of the following phases of Bowlby's model of attachment does attachment become focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver?
a) Phase 3
b) Phase 1
c) Phase 2
d) Phase 4
Phase 2
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?
a) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
b
With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?
a) From 2 to 7 months
b) From birth to 2 months
c) From 12 to 24 months
d) From 8 to 12 months
From 2 to 7 months
In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as:
a) securely attached.
b) trusting attached.
c) agape-love attached.
d) solidly attached.
securely attached.
Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. He would be classified as _____.
a) resistant
b) avoidant
c) attached
d) disorganized
disorganized
Parker is in the Strange Situation, he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as _____.
a) securely attached
b) insecure avoidant
c) insecure r
insecure avoidant
According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because:
a) the Strange Situation is a controlled, artificial situation.
b) there is too little control of contextual factors in the Strange Situa
as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.
The _____ model involves connections across domains over time that influences developmental pathways and outcomes.
a) internal working
b) external working
c) Strange Situation
d) developmental cascade
developmental cascade
_____ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.
a) Reciprocal socializations
b) Developmental cascades
c) Secure
Developmental cascades
Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that _____ play(s) more important roles in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.
a) the child's genetic characteristics and temp
the child's genetic characteristics and temperament
Caregivers of _____ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.
a) adaptive
b) avoidant
c) resistant
d) disorganized
avoidant
Of the following, which would be a good example of scaffolding?
a) Child-directed speech
b) Strange situation
c) A game of peek-a-boo
d) Social referencing
A game of peek-a-boo
There was a _____ percent increase in stay-at-home fathers in the United States from 1996 to 2006.
a) 300-plus
b) less than 20
c) 100
d) 200
300-plus
_____ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment.
a) Genetic predisposition
b) Parental sensitivity
c) Extraversion
d) Uninhibited disposition
Parental sensitivity