Height & Weight of Early Childhood
2 1/2 inches in height and gains between 5 & 7 pounds a year
Preoperational Stage
Piaget's second stage, lasts from about 2-7 years; children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action, mental reasoning develops and magical be
Operations
reversible mental actions; allows child to do mentally what before they could do only physically; EX: adding and subtracting numbers mentally
Symbolic Function Substage
Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, 2-4 years; child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
Egocentrism
the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's (part of the symbolic function substage)
Animism
the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action; EX: "That tree pushed the leaf off, and it fell down." (part of symbolic function substage)
Intuitive Thought Substage
Piaget's second substage pr preoperational thought, 4-7 years; children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of QUESTIONS, AKA- intuitive
Centration
the focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others, Ex: When asked to point to the beaker that has more liquid, the preoperational child points to the tall, thin beaker
Conservation
awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties, Ex: liquid amount stays the same regardless of a container's shape
Short-term Memory
memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal of the information
Heteronomous Morality
4-7 years, first stage of Piaget's moral development; justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, people cannot control them; EX: Peyton
Autonomous Morality
10 years and older; child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences
Immanent Justice
the concept that if a rule is broken punishment will be followed out immediately
Authoritarian Parenting
a restrictive punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort, places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange, associated with children's social incompetence
Authoritative Parenting
parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions, extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child, associated with children's social competence
Neglectful Parenting
the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control
Indulgent Parenting
parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them, associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control
Play
a pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, and its functions and forms vary