Emotion
a feeling or affect that occurs as interaction that is important to the individual and/or one's well-being.
How is emotion characterized?
by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state.
How are emotions influenced?
by biological foundations and experience.
Display rules
when, where, and how emotions should be expressed
what do the biological foundations of emotion involve?
the development of the nervous system
what are emotions are linked with
early developing regions of the human nervous system, including structures of the limbic system and the brain stem.
what does the capacity of infants to show distress, excitement, and rage reflect?
the early emergence of these biologically rooted emotional brain systems.
Significant advances in emotional responding occur during infancy and childhood as a result of what?
changes in neurobiological systems (including the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex) that can exert more control over the more primitive limbic system.
As children develop what allows children to decrease in unpredictable mood swings and an increase in self-regulation of emotion?
maturation of the cerebral cortex
what is an example of caregivers playing a role in the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions? soothing the infant when the infant cries and shows distress, caregivers help infants to modulate their emotion and reduce the level of stress hormones
soothing the infant when the infant cries and shows distress, helps infants to modulate their
emotion and reduce the level of stress hormones.
what are the primary emotions that are present in the first 6 months?
suprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
what do self-conscious evaluative emotions require
self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me".
what are other conscious emotions
emotion that involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.
what are examples of other self conscious emotions?
embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.
what does the ability of infants to communicate emotions permit? What allows infants coordinated interactions with caregivers and starts the beginning of an emotional bond between them?
the ability of infants to communicate emotions
What is the most important communication method infants have?
crying
What are the three types of crying?
basic cry, pain cry, and angry cry
basic cry
a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry.
pain cry
a sudden, long, initial load cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present.
anger cry
a variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords and
What theorist is associated with smiling in infants?
John Bowlby
what is a reflexive smile?
a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth
what is a social smile?
a smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant.
when does the first smile usually occur?
between 4 and 6 months
when does fear usually occur?
at about 6 months and peaks at about 18 months.
what have researchers have found that the infant fear is linked to?
guilt, empathy, and low aggression
what is stranger anxiety?
fear of strangers appears at 6 months, and by 9 months, the fear of strangers is often more intense and continues to escalate through the infants 12th month
what will make Infants will show less anxiety with strangers?
if sitting on mothers lap and are less fearful of child strangers than adult strangers. The social context and characteristics of the stranger influence the infant's anxiety.
Separation protest
crying when the caregiver leave.
when does separation protest tends to peak?
at about 15 months among U.S. infants
When can toddlers can use language to define their feeling states and the context that is upsetting them.
by 2 years of age
why has swaddling generally be unpopular?
because it restricts freedom of movement and is thought to make babies passive.
what must children be able to do to experience self-conscious emotions?
children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.
what does the development of self-conscious emotions reflect?
the importance of connections between emotional development and cognitive development.
what are among the most important changes in emotional development?
early childhood are increased ability to talk about their own and others' emotions and an increased understanding of emotion.
when do children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions?
between 2 and 4
when do they show an increased ability to reflect on emotions and begin to understand that the same events can elicit different feelings in people?
When they are 4 to 5
what are five major developmental changes in emotion?
improved emotional understanding, improvements in ability to suppress negative emotions, use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings, take into account events leading up to an event that caused an emotional reaction, capacity for genuine emp
Temperament includes a persons behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
includes a persons behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
Who classified the three types of temperament?
Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas classified
What percentage of children have an easy temperament?
40%
What % have a difficult?
10%
what % have a slow to warm up?
15%
what is a slow to warm up child like?
have a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
what is a difficult child like?
reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change
Research has found that these three basic clusters of temperament are...
moderately stable across the childhood years.
what is inhibited temperament associated with?
a high stable heart rate, high cortisol levels, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain. this pattern may be tied to the excitability of the amygdala.
kagan's behavioral inhibition focuses on what?
the differences between shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extroverted, bold child regards shyness with strangers
how would inhibited children react to aspects of unfamiliarity?
initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect
who came up with extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart and Bates
what is extraversion/surgency?
includes positive anticipation, impulisivity, acitivity level, and sensation seeking
negative affectivity
includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort. these children are easily distressed and cry often.
effortful control
includes attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low intensity pleasure.
why does kagan say a child acquires a certain temperament?
this person argues that children inherit a physiology that biases them to have a particular type of temperament but through experience they may learn to modify their temperament to some degree.
what kind of influence may heritability have a on differences in temperament within a group of people, according to twin and adoption studies?
moderate
what is the leading hypothesis about temperament?
that temperament is biologically based but evolves as the child's experiences are incorporated into a network of self perceptions and behavioral preferences that characterize the child's personality.
Goodness of fit
refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which a child must cope.
Lack of fit can...
produce adjustment problems in the child
Face-face play
this play begins to characterize caregiver-infant interactions when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. The focused social interaction may include vocalizations, touch, and gestures. Such play is part of many mother's motivation to create a positive
still-face paradigm
the caregiver alternates between engaging in face-to face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive.
emotional competence
focuses on the adaptive nature of emotional experience