Learning Disability
Describes a child who has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling. A learning disability also may involve difficulty doing
dyslexia
a category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.
dysgraphia
a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting
dyscalculia
Also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Also called pervasive developmental disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder called Asperger Syndrome. Children with these disorders are characterized by problems with social interaction, verbal and nonverbal
Autistic Disorder
A severe autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.
Asperger Syndrome
A relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
A written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored to a child with a disability
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
A setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated
Inclusion
Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom.
Seriation
The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
Transitivity
The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.
Neo-Piagetians
Developmentalists who argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision. They have elaborated on Piaget's theory, giving more emphasis to information processing, strategies, and precise cognitive steps.
Long-term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time.
Fuzzy trace theory
States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) Verbatim memory trace, and (2) gist. In this theory, older children's better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of infomatio
Critical thinking
Thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence.
Mindfulness
Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks
Creative Thinking
The ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.
Convergent Thinking
Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests
Divergent Thinking
Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity.
Metacognition
Cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing.
Brainstorming
A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind.
Intelligence
Problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life.
Individual differences
The stable, consistent ways in which people are different from each other.
mental age (MA)
Binet's measure of an individual's level of mental development, compared with that of others.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplies by 100.
MA/CA x100
Normal distribution
A symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.
Triarchic Theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
Culture-fair tests
Tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias.
Mental retardation
A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
Organic Retardation
Mental retardation that is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage.
Cultural-Familial Retardation
Retardation that is characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual's IQ is generally between 50 and 70
Gifted
Having above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and.or superior talent for something.
Metalinguistic awareness
Refers to KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LANGUAGE
- knowing what a preposition is
- ability to discuss the sounds of a language.
Whole-language approach
An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
Phonics approach
The idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols in to sounds.
Discuss height and weight changes that take place during middle and late childhood
HEIGHT: Growth averages 2-3 inches per year
WEIGHT: Weight gain averages 5-7 pounds a year
What is dyslexia?
a category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.
What characterizes ADHD?
A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity
Causes: Genetics, Brain damage, Cigarette/Alcohol exposure, low birth weight
Contrast CONVERGENT with DIVERGENT thinking?
Convergent thinking: Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests
Divergent thinking: Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of cr
What is METACOGNITION, and how does it develop?
COGNITION about COGNITION. (Knowing about Knowing/Thinking about Thinking)
Able to identify own's thinking process/solving problems
-routine strategies
-effective planning
-experience
How is IQ measured, according to Binet?
30 questions on topics ranging from the ability to touch one's ear to the ability to draw designs from memory and define abstract concepts
What are culture-fair IQ tests?
Tests intelligence and are free of cultural bias
What is mental retardation? What are the two types of mental retardation and their causes?
Mental Retardation: A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
Two types:
Organic Retardation: caused by genetic disorder o
What is giftedness? Name three characteristics of the gifted child.
Having above average intelligence in IQ of 130 or higher and or superior talent for something.
Characteristics:
1. PRECOCITY: mastery of area earlier than peers
2. Marching to their own DRUMMER: learn in qualitatively different ways than ordinary children
This theorist suggested that the cognitive skill that emerges in middle childhood is the ability to think/reason with logic.
PIAGET
This psychologist was the first to develop a standardized intelligence test in the early 1900s
BINET
A category of learning disabilities involving severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.
DYSLEXIA
A category of learning disabilities in which children display inattention and impulsivity and may or may not have high levels of physical activity
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
The concept that a child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to settings of children who do not have disabilities.
LRE (Least Restrictive Environment)
Educating a child with special needs in a regular classroom on a full-time basis
INCLUSION
The cognitive ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension
SERIATION
The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain, necessary conclusions.
TRANSITIVITY
A relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory that increases with age during middle and late childhood.
LONG-TERM MEMORY
An important information-processing strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.
ELABORATION
A kind of thinking that is characterized by reflection, productivity, and evaluation of evidence
CRITICAL THINKING
The ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
CREATIVE THINKING
A kind of thinking which produces one correct answer or solution to a problem.
CONVERGENT THINKING
A kind of thinking which produces many different answers to the same questions
DIVERGENT THINKING
A technique in which people are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group.
BRAINSTORMING
Knowing about knowing
METACOGNITION
Problem solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to life's everyday experiences.
INTELLIGENCE
A person's mental age divided by their chronological age multiplied by 100
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
STERN
Tests of intelligence that are intended to be free of cultural bias
Culture-Fair Tests
A kind of mental retardation that is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage.
ORGANIC RETARDATION
Having above-average intelligence (IQ 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something.
GIFTED
The strategy in education that teaches academic subjects in students' native language while slowly teaching English.
Bilingual Education
RE: The BRAIN in middle to late childhood
-significant changes in the PREFRONTAL CORTEX..<--last part of the brain to develop...related to voluntary movement, thinking, personality.
-increases in cortical thickness
-Brain volume stabilizes 95%
RE: Motor Development in middle to late childhood
-Motor skills become more smoother and more coordinated.
-BOYS outperform girls in GROSS MOTOR SKILLS involving large muscle activity.
GIRLS outperform boys in FINE MOTOR SKILLS
-FINE MOTOR SKILLS improve due to increased MYELINATION in the CNS
RE: Exercise in middle to late childhood
-Higher physical activity-lower risk of disease
Good for: -Children's attention
-Memory
-Goal directed behavior
-Creativity
INJURY is the most common cause of death in middle to late childhood.
What is the most common cause of INJURY in middle and late childhood?
Motor Vehicle accidents
due to being a Pedestrian & Passenger
RE: Cancer in middle to late childhood
Cancer is 2nd leading cause of death
Most common child cancer is leukemia
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Written statement that is specifically tailored for the disabled student.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which non-disabled children are educated.
Inclusion
Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom
RE: Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
Stage theory-abrupt and discontinuous
NOT GRADUAL
1. PREOPERATIONAL-ability to perform mental images
2. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL-conservation
3. FORMAL OPERATIONAL-abstract thinking.
Seriation
Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension
Transitivity
Ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
Mindfulness
Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible
Convergent Thinking
Produces one correct answer
Scientific Thinking
Asking fundamental and identifying causal relations questions about reality
Critical Thinking
Reflectively and productively, and evaluating evidence
Metacognition
Cognition about Cognition. Thinking about thinking
RE: Executive functioning
-Self-control/inhibition
-Working memory(short term memory)
-Flexibility
Individual differences
Stable, consistent ways in which people differ from eachother
BINET TESTS
Wechsler Scales
used to assess student's intelligence.
Provides overall IQ
yields several composite indexes which are:
-VERBAL COMPREHENSION
-WORKING MEMORY
-PROCESSING SPEED
determines if child is stron or weak in those areas
Ex. In what way are a lion and a tiger alike
Types of Intelligence: STERNBERG's TRIARCHIC THEORY
-Analytical intelligence
-Creative intelligence
-Practical intelligence
Gardner's eight frames of mind:
-Verbal
-Math
-Spatial
-Bodily-Kinesthetic
-Musical
-Interpersonal
-Intrapersonal
-Naturalisy
RE: IQ TESTS
-Avoid stereotyping and expectations
-Know that IQ is not the sole indicator of competence
-Use caution in interpreting an overall IQ score
Whole-language approach
Reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning
Phonics approach
Reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols to sounds
RE: Bilingualism
Bilingualism has a positive effect on children's cognitive development