chronic disorders
disorders characterized by slow onset and long duration
osteoporosis
a disorder that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are especially vulnerable
dementia
a global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptom is deterioration of mental function
Alzheimer disorder
a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function
Parkinson disease
a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern
binge eating disorder (BED)
involves frequent binge eating, but without compensatory behavior like purging that characterizes bulimics
aerobic exercise
sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung functioning
dynamic systems theory
a theory proposed by Esther Thelen that seeks to explain how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting
rooting reflex
a newborn's built-in reaction that occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. In response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched, in an apparent effort to find something to suck
sucking reflex
a newborn's reaction of sucking an object placed in its mouth. The sucking reflex enables the infant to get nourishment before it has associated a nipple with food
Moro reflex
a startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled, the newborn arches its back, throws its head back, and flings out its arms and legs. Then the newborn rapidly closes its arms and legs to the center of the b
grasping reflex
a reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's palms. The infant responds by grasping tightly
gross motor skills
motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking
fine motor skills
motor skills that involve finely tuned movements, such as any activity that requires finger dexterity
sensation
reaction that occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors - the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
perception
the interpretation of sensation
ecological view
the view proposed by the Gibsons that people directly perceive information in the world around them. Perception brings people in contact with the environment in order to interact with it and adapt to it
affordances
opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within out capabilities to perform activities
visual preference method
a method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli
habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
dishabituation
the recovery of a habituated response after a change of stimulus
size constancy
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
shape constancy
recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to us changes
accommodation of the eye
the eye's ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina
cataracts
a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque and distorted
glaucoma
damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
macular degeneration
a vision problem in the elderly that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina
intermodal perception
the ability to integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
schemes
in Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
assimilation
Piagetian concept in which children use existing schemes to incorporate new information
accommodation
Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
organization
Piagetian concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system
equilibration
a mechanism that Piaget proposed explained how children shift from one stage of thought to the next
sensorimotor stage
the first of Piaget's stages, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with phyisical, motoric actions
object permanence
the Piagetian term for one of an infant's more important accomplishments: understanding that continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
A-not-B error
also called AB error; this occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) as the progress into substage 4 in Piaget's sensorimotor stage
core knowledge approach
states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems. Among these domain-specific knowledge systems are those involving space, number sense, object permanence, and language
preoperation stage
the second Piagetian developmental stage, which lasts from about 2 to 7 years of age; children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings
operations
reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they had done only physically
symbolic function substage
the first substage of preoperational thought, occurring roughly between the ages of 2 and 4. In this substage, the young child gains the ability to represent mentally an object that is not present
egocentrism
the ability to distinguish between one's own and someone else's perspective; an important feature of preoperational thought
animism
a facet of preoperational thought - the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
intuitive thought substage
the second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age. Children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions
centration
the focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
conservation
the awareness that altering the appearance of an object or a substance does not change its basic properties
concrete operational stage
to the third Piagetian stage, which lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age; children can perform concrete operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning as long as the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
seriation
the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
transitivity
the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions. Piaget argued that an understanding of this concept is characteristic of concrete operational thought
formal operational stage
the fourth and final Piagetian stage, which appears between the ages of 11 and 15; individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in more abstract and logical ways
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems ad can systematically deduce which is the best path to follow in solving the problem
adolescent egocentrism
the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in adolescents' beliefs that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves; and in adolescents' sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility
imaginary audience
that aspect of adolescent egocentrism that involves feeling one is the center of attention and sensing that one is on stage
personal fable
the part of adolescence egocentrism that involves an adolescent's sense of person uniqueness and invincibility
neo-Piagetians
Developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget's theory, empathizing attention to children's strategies information-processing speed; the task involved; and division of the problem into more precise, smaller steps
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children
scaffolding
in cognitive development, a term Vygotsky used to describe the changing level of support over the course of a teaching session, with the more-skilled person adjusting guidance to fit the child's current performance level
social constructivist approach
an emphasis on the social contexts of learning and construction of knowledge through social interaction. Vygotsky's theory reflects this approach
postformal thought
thinging that is reflective, relativistic, and contextual; provisional; realistic; and influenced by emotions
All of the following promote health-enhancing behaviors in adolescents EXCEPT:
eating dinner with peers 5 or more days a week
Incidences of diseases such as bacterial meningitis, measles, rubella, mumps, and chicken pox have been nearly eradicated, due to:
immunizations
If a mother wants to reduce the risk of her child developing asthma, pneumonia, or bronchitis, she should:
stop smoking
Adolescence is a critical juncture in health because:
the early formation of healthy lifestyle patterns can prevent or delay disease and disability in adulthood
Emerging or young adults have a greater number of ______ health conditions than adolescents do
chronic
Although aging people are often characterized as sickly, only ____ percent of U.S. adults aged 65 to 74 have a disability
17
Charlie is 67 years old and no longer able to work because of his health. Which condition is the MOST likely cause of his disability?
heart condition
To prevent osteoporosis, women should
eat foods rich in calcium and get more exercise
In 2008, an estimated 5.2 million adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease. How many Baby Boomers are projected to develop Alzheimer disease in their lifetimes?
10 million
Which of the following represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias?
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
Rodin and Langer (1977) conducted a study in which one group of nursing home patients was given increased control over daily routines, while another group was not. The main finding in this study was that:
more perceived control improved the lives of the patients
Addison was a breast-fed infant. Which of the following is NOT likely a benefit she will enjoy?
fewer allergies
Jamal consumes about 25 percent of the recommended calories each day. He is at risk for:
marasmus
Marasmus and kwashiorkor are both:
preventable
Sara, 9, is overweight. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
she most likely lives in the US since children from other countries do not suffer from obesity
To treat childhood obesity, experts recommend all of the following EXCEPT:
rigorous weight-loss regime
Parents of children with weight problems generally ______
do not perceive their children to be overweight
Most person with anorexia nervosa are from
middle and upper income families
Mindy's parents are concerned about her. She moves at a frantic pace and eats very little. Mindy complains about her weight, even though she has lost more than enough in the past year. Which of the following is MOST accurate?
Mindy's behavior indicates possible signs of anorexia
Kathleen can't quit thinking about food even though she is trying to lose weight. To compensate for her lack of self-control after she binge eats, Kathleen induces vomiting. She has done this two or three times a week for the last year. Kathleen is suffer
bulimia
Research on food intake and longevity indicates that:
older adults should eat a balanced, low-fat diet and not severely restrict their caloric intake
Of the following, who most likely exercises the LEAST
African American girls
Despite the concerns about substance abuse in adulthood, researchers have shown which of the following positive effects of moderate alcohol consumption in older adults?
increased longevity
better physical and mental health
increased acceptance of social opportunities
Which of the following elements would be MOST important to include in a program aimed at adolescent drug use prevention?
foster positive relations between parents and children help parents recognize adolescent drug use
Older adults who exercise regularly will likely enjoy which of the following benefits?
improved cellular and cognitive functioning
prevention of common chronic illnesses such as stroke, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease
reduction in the decline of motor skills
Infant reflexes
may be important building blocks for later motor activity
Which reflex helps to ensure that an infant obtains nourishment?
sucking
Infants normally are able to sit, stand, stoop, climb, and walk within the first
year
Instead of crawling on her hands or knees, 8 month old Kenna scoots on her bottom using her hands to propel her. This is:
a perfectly acceptable means of infant locomotion
To foster infants' motor development, infancy experts recommend which of the following?
giving infants opportunities for exercise
Jungle gyms, slides, and climbing equipment can help younger children develop:
gross motor skills
Peak physical performance usually occurs during:
the 20s
What skills involve keenly tuned movements such as buttoning a shit or typing?
fine motor
Beverly intentionally slows her typing speed in order to be more accurate. This is an example of:
strategy
David hears a loud signal. The sounds waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create the ______ of sound. David interpreting the sound waves as the school bell is ______
sensation/perception
Eleanor and James Gibson purport that all objects have opportunities for interactions called:
affordances
Which of the following methods should Dr. Kim use of she wants to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another?
visual preference
Robert Fantz (1963) randomly presented face patterns, newsprint, bulls-eye patterns, or colored circles in a looking chamber and then measured how long an infant fixated on each item. What was the independent variable in this study?
type of item presented (face, pattern, newsprint, etc)
Robert's teacher notices that he keeps blinking his eyes and squinting to see the board. These are signs that Robert may have:
vision problems
Which of the following are used in habituation studies?
sucking behavior
heart and respiration rate
length of time an infant look at an object
Jane views a chair differently whether she is sitting on the floor or standing next to it, but she knows that it is a chair no matter the orientation. This is an example of:
shape constancy
In the Gibson-Walk experiment, most babies who were encouraged to crawl off of the visual cliff would:
not crawl of the cliff
Kyle has progressive presbyopia. What is likely to help correct this condition?
bifocal glasses
Al avoids driving at night because it is difficult for his eyes to adjust after he passes oncoming cars. Al is having a problem with:
dark adaptation
Allan is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration of his retina. He has:
macular degeneration
DeCasper and Spence (1986) measured babies' sucking rates as they listened to a story they had heard in the womb (The Cat in the Hate) and to a story that they had not heard (The King, the Mice and the Cheese). The study concluded that:
different sucking styles and rates showed that an infant can learn even before it is born
Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory development?
immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults
Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40. What usually declines first?
sensitivity to high pitches
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding smell and taste in the elderly?
Healthy elderly adults are less likely to experience a decline on these senses than unhealthy elderly adults
Which of the following is an example of intermodal perception?
a child watches and sings along with a favorite TV program
9 year old AJ participating in organized sports. He is developing an idea of belonging to a team. AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n):
scheme
The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals
use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like he plays with it in the bathtub. This is an example of:
assimilation
Tim understands that vehicles may be cars, buses, trucks, or vans. This is an example of:
accommodation
The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals
adjust old schemes to fit new information
Cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world is called:
disequilibrium
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Cole kicks his legs when he listens to his lullaby CD at bedtime. When he wakes in the morning, he starts kicking in an attempt to start the music. This is an example of a:
secondary circular reaction
Baby Dennis sees a ball of the floor. He picks it up, looks at it carefully, and then bangs it on the ground. He picks it up again, holds it over his head, and drops it. Then he picks it up and throws it. Dennis continues playing for several minutes. Denn
tertiary circular reactions
The preoperational stage lasts from ages:
2 to 7
During Piaget's intuitive thought substage, a child's reasoning is fairly
primitive
A child who understands that the amount of clay does not differ when it is stretched into a long strip or rolled into a large ball has grasped the concept of:
conservation
Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage?
Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example
Julio understands that he is older than his brother and younger than his sister. This is an example of:
seriation
Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by:
a heightened self-consciousness
Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory?
some cognitive abilities emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought
Vygotsky DIFFERS from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of _______ for cognitive development.
other people
When working with young children, adults often provide assistance, instruction, and other support. As children demonstrate they can do more for themselves. Vygotsky recommends that adults begin to withdraw these supports. This demonstrates the concept of:
scaffolding
What did Vygotsky believe about the development of thought and language?
Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development
According to Vygotsky, a main purpose of assessment should be to:
determine a student's zone of proximal development in order to design further instruction
Neither Vygotsky's nor Piaget's theory had much to say about:
adult cognitive development
Some theorists have pieced together descriptions of a 5th Piagetian stage labeled:
postformal
Tools of the Mind is an early childhood education curriculum that emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT:
life skills, such as cooking and sewing
According to Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but that can be learned with guidance and assistance, is:
the zone of proximal development
Mrs. Marsden hears a student talking to themselves to work through a problem. She is witnessing:
private speech for problem solving