Match the time frame of prenatal growth with the name of the developing organism.
Time Frame:
1) conception to 2 weeks post-conception
2) 2 weeks-8 weeks, post-conception
3) 2 months post-conception to birth
Name:
A) fetus
B) embryo
C) zygote
1 = c
2 = b
3 = a
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception is known as the:
A) natal period
B) embryonic period
C) germination period
D) germinal period
D) germinal period
The fertilized egg is called the:
A) zygote
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) blastocyst
A) zygote
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the:
A) blastocyst
B) organogenesis
C) fetus
D) embryo
A) blastocyst
The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the _________.
trophoblast
Between two and eight weeks post-conception, the developing mass of cells is call a(n) ___________.
embryo
Consisting of two arteries and one vein, the _________ _______ connects the fetus to the placenta.
umbilical cord
Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true?
A) The germinal and embryonic periods occur during the first trimester, and the fetal period begins during the first trimester.
B) The fetal period begins in the sec
A
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive, behavioral or physical outcomes is a _________.
teratogen
Individual nerve cells known as ____________ are involved in information processing at the cellular level in the brain.
A) axons
B) amnion
C) neurons
D) neutrons
C) neurons
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs? Check all that apply.
A) Caffeine
B) Tetracycline
C) Nicotine
D) Progestin
E) Marijuana
F) Heroin
A, C, E, & F
Mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy can cause their offspring to exhibit fetal alcohol ___________ disorders, or FASD, a cluster of abnormalities.
spectrum
AIDS is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by HIV, which destroys the body's __________ system.
immune
One recent study revealed that the rate of stillbirth was elevated for adolescent girls and for women _____ years of age and older.
35
True or false: The exposure of fathers to certain environmental agents can affect their offspring.
True
The uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to a minute during the beginning of the:
A) second stage of the birth process
B) afterbirth stage of the birth process
C) first stage of the birth process
D) third stage of the birth process
C) first stage of the birth process
Which of the following is true of the second stage of birth? Check all that apply.
A) The cervix stretches and opens.
B) The baby's head starts to move through the cervix.
C) The baby can move from the uterus to the birth canal.
D) It lasts an average of
B & C
The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the:
A) third stage of birth
B) fourth stage of birth
C) first stage of birth
D) second stage of birth
A) third stage of birth
The basic types of drugs that are used for labor are: (Check all that apply)
A) oxytocics
B) antibiotics
C) corticosteroids
D) anesthesia
E) beta-blockers
F) analgesia
A, D, & F
____________ is used to relieve pain during labor. Examples include barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics.
Analgesia
The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother's pain:
(Check all that apply)
A) through education
B) by administering medication
C) with relaxation techniques
D) by decreasing her fears
A, C, & D
The Lamaze method, a method similar to a natural childbirth, is also known as ___________ childbirth.
prepared
When a baby's buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina, the baby is in a ________ position.
breech
In a ____________ delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.
cesarean
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is performed to assess the baby's _____________ competence.
A) neurological
B) mental
C) physiological
D) emotional
A) neurological
Which term best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term?
A) Preterm
B) Small for date
C) Terminal
D) Low-weight
A) Preterm
Small for date infants:
A) are full-term infants whose birth weight is below normal
B) may be preterm or full-term
C) weigh half as much as babies of the same gestational age
B) may be preterm or full-term
________ care is a NICU procedure that involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest.
Kangaroo
When an infant is either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal they are called small for gestational age or ______ for ________ infants.
small ; date
The weeks after childbirth are referred to as the ___________ period, which lasts about six weeks.
postpartum
Some women develop ____________ depression, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.
postpartum
In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as:
A) bonding
B) critical period
C) affection
D) imprinting
A) bonding
_________ is an arrangement by which the newborn stays with its mother most of the time during the hospital stay.
A) Midwifery
B) Rooming-in
C) Cohabitation
D) Unrestricted visiting
B) Rooming-in
The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the __________ period.
fetal
THe life-support system that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is known as the:
A) amnion
B) ovum
C) placenta
D) spinal fluid
A) amnion
Researchers have found the massage can do which of the following? Check all that apply.
A) Cause labor to slow or stop
B) Reduce pain during delivery
C) Harm the mother and baby if used during labor
D) Reduce prenatal depression in both parents
B & D
During the ________ month of pregnancy the mother will first feel the baby move.
A) fourth
B) third
C) fifth
D) second
A) fourth
The _______ is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and the offspring that intertwine but do not join.
placenta
What are the contributing factors to the increase in preterm infants in the United States? Check all that apply.
A) Decreased medical management of maternal and fetal conditions.
B) Increasing numbers of births to women 35 years and older.
C) Increased su
B, C, & D
According to the U.S> surgeon general:
A) pregnant women can consume up to two glasses of wine a day
B) no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy
C) a small amount of alcohol will not harm the baby
B
During the last ______ months of prenatal development, fatty tissues develop and the functioning of various organ systems steps up.
two
Which of the following treatments are effective in treating postpartum depression? Check all that apply.
A) Antidepressants
B) Vitamins
C) Regular exercise
D) Psychotherapy
E) Cognitive therapy
F) Drinking a small amount of wine daily
A, C, D, & E
HIV can be passed from mother to offspring in one of three ways: during gestation across the placenta, postpartum through breast feeding, and during ________ through contact with maternal blood or fluids.
birth
The ________ can result in blood-type incompatibility that can endanger the fetus.
A) O-positive factor
B) Rh factor
C) AB-negative factor
D) universal-donor factor
B) Rh factor
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following? Check all that apply.
A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Depressive symptoms at age 10
C) No negative outcomes
D) Marijuana use at age 14
E) Lower intelligence
D & E
The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, susceptibility and ______ of exposure to a teratogen.
A) time
B) test
C) tone
D) type
A) time
Brenda has been admitted to a drug treatment center. Brenda is pregnant and has been using methamphetamines. Brenda's baby is at serious risk of ___________.
(Check all that apply).
A) quick develop of skills
B) infant mortality
C) low birth weight
D) beh
B, C, D, & F
In the germinal period, the zygote undergoes rapid _______ division.
cell
In the germinal period, the blastocyst has an inner mass of cells that will eventually develop into the:
A) zygote
B) egg
C) trophoblast
D) embryo
D) embryo
Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes ________ for manageable conditions and treatable diseases.
A) screening
B) coding
C) calculating
D) scaling
A) screening
Very preterm infants are those born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age, which extremely preterm infants are those born at less than _____ weeks of gestational age.
28
Which of the following issues in newborns have been linked to maternal diabetes? (Select all that apply).
A) physical defects
B) diabetes in offspring
C) low birth weight
D) issues with expressive language
A, B, & D
In 2003 in the United States, only _____ of women who delivered a baby were attended by a midwife.
A) 8%
B) 4%
C) 15%
D) 25%
A) 8%
Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower ___________ in children.
intelligence
True or false: Cognitive therapy has proven to bee especially effective in the treatment of postpartum depression.
True
Megan is pregnant and exercising on a regular basis. Megan knows exercise will help her __________. Check all that apply.
A) condition her body
B) avoid depression
C) prevent constipation
D) lessen weight-gain
E) manage brain function
A - D
The inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system, is called the __________.
endoderm
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following? Check all that apply.
A) A faster rate of growth at age 10
B) Impaired language development
C) Cognitive deficits
D) Impaired motor development
B, C, D
Eating fish with high levels of _______ has been identified as a risk factor for expectant mothers.
mercury
CenteringPregnancy is a ________-centered program that provides prenatal care in group settings.
A) finance
B) religion
C) ethnicity
D) relationship
D) relationship
Early close contact between mother and infant in the hospital may be of particular benefit when:
A) rooming-in is not a possibility
B) the infant is preterm
C) the mother is from disadvantaged circumstances
D) the mother is a teenager
B, C, D
Approximately 11 to 15 days after conception, ______ takes place.
implantation
Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who _________ during pregnancy.
smoked
High maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked with higher risk of having a child with: (select all that apply)
A) emotional problems
B) language delay
C) ADHD
D) Down syndrome
E) cognitive issues
A, B< C, & E
Infants whose mothers are addicted to heroin show several _________ difficulties at birth.
A) behavioral
B) social
C) intellectual
D) cognitive
A) behavioral
A medical issue with the mother that may place a developing fetus at risk for neural tube defects would be ___________.
Check all that apply.
A) obesity
B) lung issues
C) low blood pressure
D) diabetes
A & D
_____________ is a sexually transmitted infection that is more damaging later in prenatal development and can cause problems in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract if present at birth.
Syphilis
In waterbirth, mothers go through labor in the water:
Check all that apply.
A) and some deliver in the water
B) but never deliver in the water
C) and some get out for delivery
D) but getting in too soon can slow labor
A, C, & D
A synthetic hormone that is used to stimulate contractions is ____________.
Oxytocin
Which of the following best describes the induction of a psychological state of altered attention and awareness, and is increasingly used during childbirth?
A) Hypnosis
B) Massage
C) Waterbirth
D) Acupuncture
A) Hypnosis
The structural effect of teratogens is greatest early in the _______ period, when organs are being formed.
embryonic
Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose and chin?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
C) 3
Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following? (Select all that apply).
A) Hormone production
B) Decision making
C) Marital conflict
D) Stress levels
B, C, & D
Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) __________ infant.
A) very low birth weight
B) preterm
C) low birth weight
D) extremely low birth weight
C) low birth weight
The nutritional status of the embryo or fetus is determined by the mother's total caloric intake as well as her intake of _________, vitamins, and minerals.
proteins
The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the:
A) germinal period
B) fetal period
C) embryonic period
D) endoderm period
C) embryonic period
The Neonatal Intensive Care Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) is particularly good for assessing which types of infants? (Choose all that apply).
A) Average
B) Gifted
C) Preterm
D) At-risk
E) Substance-exposed
C, D, & E
Research indicates that high doses of ________ can contribute to fetal bleeding.
aspirin
Identify the benefits of infant message.
A) less depressed
B) easily excitable
C) weight loss
D) less excitable
E) weight gain
F) less agitated
A, D, E, & F
Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?
A) 75%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 25%
C) 50%
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the ____________.
mesoderm
More cesarean sections are performed in ________ than in any other country in the world.
A) Mexico
B) Great Britain
C) The United States
D) Kenya
C) The United States
Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale? Check all that apply.
A) It is good at assessing the newborn;s ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment.
B) It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.
C) It i
A & B
_____________ is the specialization of cells.
Differentiation
Organogenesis takes place primarily during the ___________ period.
A) germinal
B) fetal
C) embryonic
C) embryonic
Amy is sixteen year old expecting mother. Amy lives at poverty level with her family, nutrition is poor and she has admitted to using drugs during her pregnancy. Amy is at risk of delivering a _____ birth weight baby.
low
Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?
A) 35 to 40
B) 25 to 35
C) 30 to 40
D) 38 to 40
D) 38 to 40
When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, which of the following can occur? Check all that apply.
A) Physiological changes occur to the mother but will not affect the fetus.
B) The fetus may be deprived of oxygen.
C) Premature delivery may result.
B, C, & D
During prenatal development, __________ move to specific locations in the brain and start to become connected.
neurons
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the:
A) blastoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) ectoderm
D) ectoderm
If the baby is in a breech position, the doctor will often perform a _________ delivery.
cesarean
Before the __________ moth of pregnancy, a fetus is unlikely to survive outside the womb.
A) 8th
B) 6th
C) 9th
D) 7th
B) 6th
Pollution has made many fish a risky choice for pregnant women. Which of the following may contain high levels of mercury and should be avoided?
A) Catfish
B) Salmon
C) Shark
D) Swordfish
C & D
A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:
A) OBGYN
B) midwife
C) doula
D) physician
C) doula
The three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns are _______ birth weight, ________ birth, and being small for _________.
low, preterm, date
________ is a B-complex vitamin that is important for normal prenatal development.
A) Folic acid
B) Iron oxide
C) Selenium
D) Phosphorus
A) Folic acid
________ is sometimes used in late first-stage labor and during delivery in order to block sensation in an area of the block or to block consciousness.
A) A tranquilizer
B) Anesthesia
C) Oxytocin
D) Relaxation
B) Anesthesia
Recent research has found if a pregnant women consumes 200 or more milligrams of caffeine a day it does NOT increase her risk of ____________.
miscarriage
A recent study showed that higher support by fathers was related to:
A) an easier time breastfeeding for the mother
B) a faster return to prepregnancy weight for the mother
C) a higher rate of postpartum depression
D) a lower rate of postpartum depression
D
The administration of ____________ has been shown to help reduce preterm births in mothers with a history of early births, those with short cervical length, and those having a single infant birth.
progestin
Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include which of the following?
A) Radio waves
B) Toxic waste
C) Radiation
D) chemical pollutants
B, C, & D
The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?
A) Mesodermic
B) Germinal
C) Fetal
D) Embryonic
D) Embryonic
Newborn Amanda gets a total score of 2 on the Apgar Scale. This signals:
A) her condition is good, and she does not require emergency help
B) her condition is borderline, and she may need some medical assistance
C) she is in a state of emergency, and she
C
Approximately how many neurons do babies have when they are born?
A) 100 million
B) 10 billion
C) 100 billion
D) 5 billiob
C) 100 billion
Since the 1980s, the preterm birth rate in the United States has:
A) stayed the same
B) decreased by 16%
C) increased by 35%
D) increased by 10%
C) increased by 35%
Which of the following best describes the research findings regarding acupuncture use during childbirth?
A) There is little evidence, but it appears to be unsafe
B) There aren't many studies, but it appears to be safe and may have positive effects
C) Ther
B