Have you ever seen a beaming child proudly display a colorful logo-embroidered t-shirt as a prize from a recent family trip? There is a good chance that the shirt was sewn by child laborers who will never be able to afford such fun trips, new clothes, or
Nearly 211 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are part of the worldwide work force and are engaged in work that falls under the international definitions of child labor (International Labor Organization, 2000). UNICEF counts seven main types of
Nearly two-thirds of child workers � an estimated 171 million children or one in eight children ages 5 to 14 � labor in hazardous or harmful jobs, such as working in mines, with chemicals and pesticides in agriculture, or with dangerous machinery (Global
Child labor robs many children of their childhoods, and it impedes their development. All developmentalists agree that children need families. In the ideal world, the family function is to meet the needs of children by providing them with food, clothing,
Psychologist Erik Erikson described the physical, emotional, and psychological stages of development along with related specific issues, or developmental work, for each stage.
By the age of five, which is the point at which statistics on child workers are
Child labor represents the largest single cause across the globe of child maltreatment. Many child workers experience child neglect because they are denied basic health care, adequate nutrition, and education. Additionally, other children suffer physical
resilience:
The ability to recover from adversity, difficulty, or challenge to return to a healthy emotional state and healthy level of functioning.
Several governmental and industry-supported programs have stepped in to help combat Nepal's child labor crisis. One of these is GoodWeave (formerly known as RugMark). GoodWeave is an organization of carpet manufacturers and exporters in Nepal, India, and
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Millions of children worldwide have never known a day of peace. There have been more than 150 wars fought since World War II. In 2000, there were approximately thirty conflicts in different parts of the world (Raymond & Raymond, 2000), and every new year
Coupled with the rapid social changes that often precede or accompany war, armed conflict leads to a breakdown in the very family functions that are so essential to a child's survival and development. Children need their families to provide them with food
Decades of drug trafficking and guerilla warfare have made Colombia one of the most violent countries in the world. In Colombia today, as many as 14,000 male and female children are used to fight in the 40-year-old conflict among government forces and all
For four generations, the families of five Colombian teenage peace activists were caught in the midst of a seemingly unsolvable power struggle between government forces, leftist guerillas, paramilitary death squads, and wealthy drug lords. At great person
Clearly, the teenage leaders of the Children's Crusade for Peace are extraordinary. Developmentally predictable changes in thinking may have aided them as they undertook their journey. One of the most prominent aspects of adolescent thought is the capacit
hypothetical-deductive thought: A thought process characteristic of teenagers in which they can imagine variables and hypothetical aspects that may influence an outcome and can understand how the altering of any these variables or aspects may change the o
School-age children tend to be aware of their classmates' opinions, judgments, and accomplishments. This development enables school-age children to engage in:
social comparison.
The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort is referred to as:
effortful control.
Freud referred to middle childhood as the _____ stage.
Latency
Being _____ and not prideful is an expectation in many cultures.
modest
Children between the ages 6 and 11 who complete more homework assignments and take care of their pets are exhibiting:
psychosocial maturation.
According to the text, _____ involvement particularly helps African-American children in communities rife with social stress and racial prejudice.
church
According to Erikson, if 8-year-old Kristina does NOT solve her psychosocial conflict of stage four, she will come to view herself as:
inferior
_____ is the capacity to develop optimally by adapting positively to significant adversity.
resilience
Eleven-year-old Randy struggles with reading and has a slight stuttering problem. Some of his classmates are critical and make fun of his stuttering. This has caused Randy to feel embarrassed and to refuse to read aloud in class. He tells his parents that
inferior
Which of the following is true of resilience?
Resilience is dynamic.
Warren is a middle school student. According to the text, Warren's self-concept, like other middle school students, is no longer tied to his parents' _____.
perspective
A 7-year-old who takes care of his dog and cat exhibits psychosocial _____.
maturation
Nine-year-old Jonathan struggles with reading and has a slight stuttering problem. Some of his classmates are critical and make fun of his stuttering. This has caused Jonathan to feel embarrassed and to refuse to read aloud in class. He tells his parents
inferior
Between ages 6 and 11, children show psychosocial maturation by their ability to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. tell time and have set times for activities.
B. take care of pets.
C. complete more homework assignments.
D. demonstrate abstract reasoning.
Answer: D
During middle school, a child's self-concept:
is no longer tied to his or her parents' perspective.
According to the text, Japanese culture:
discourages social comparisons aimed at making oneself feel superior.
The way in which a family works to meet the needs of its members is referred to as:
Family function
Family stability typically refers to
a husband and wife staying married and having the financial resources (home, income, etc.) to raise children
People who are rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior are referred to as:
aggressive-rejected.
A crucial factor necessary for school-age children to thrive is harmony and _____ in the home.
stability
The term for the particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society is:
child culture.
In general, _____ function best, with children tending to achieve in school with fewer psychological problems.
nuclear families
A key word in the definition of bullying is:
repeated
The _____ model examines crucial questions about the effect of risk factors (poverty, divorce, job loss) on the family.
family-stress
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:
bullying
Schools and _____ are the two main factors that really influence what, and how much, children learn.
cultures
Children who are aggressive-rejected or _____-rejected tend to misinterpret social situations.
withdrawn
Christi is a single mother with two children. She fills many roles as a single parent EXCEPT:
A. daughter.
B. wage earner.
C. lover.
d. understanding spouse.
Answer: D
Older children tend to choose best friends:
whose interests, values, and backgrounds are similar to their own.
According to the text, the most important overall family function is to provide:
love and encouragement.
Research on the temperaments of identical twins supports the finding that:
a mother's attitudes toward her twins is one factor that influences the twins' behaviors.
Family _____ refers to the legal and genetic relationships of related people living together, and family function refers to the way a family works to care for its members.
structure
Children who move and change neighborhoods in middle childhood:
suffer academically and emotionally.
A characteristic of the culture of children is that:
they may spout curses, accents, and slang.
According to the text, being forced to hand over lunch money, being laughed at and insulted, or being forced to drink milk mixed with dirt would be categorized as:
bullying
Postconventional moral reasoning focuses on _____ principles.
moral
_____ operational cognition gives children the ability to observe and use logic, and propels them to think about morality.
concrete
The crucial factor in determining what stage of moral reasoning a person is at is the reasons for his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma, according to _____.
Kohlberg
According to the text, most everyone tends to endorse the morals of _____, especially if their religious leaders guide them in that direction.
their own culture
Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning emphasizes:
social rules.
A group of 6- to 11-year-olds spent summer camp together. Even though each child came from different counties and had different interests, by the end of the camp they valued:
wanting to be similar to their peers.
Kohlberg failed to study moral reasoning in _____ when he conducted his research on children's development of moral reasoning.
girls
Paul is a 9-year-old student. What common value is important to Paul and his friends that are his same age?
to protect one another
Kohlberg's stage three of level two (conventional moral reasoning) is also known as "good _____" and "nice _____.
girl; boy
According to the text, a common _____ that is important to 6- to 11-year-olds is they do not tell adults what is happening in their lives.
values
Caring for family members is much more important to people in some cultures than in others, which might make them avoid postconventional actions even as they are acting according to the highest morals of their society. This is an example of the criticism
Kohlberg
Why do 11-year-old boys and girls seem to dress alike at school or in their neighborhood?
Not being too different from their peers is a common value among 6- to 11-year-olds.
A negative aspect of _____ approach is that he did not seem to recognize that although children's moral values differ from those of adults, they may be equally valid and strong.
Kohlberg's
Eleven-year-old Timmy has been taught by his parents that stealing is wrong. But when his best friend Jason asked him to help steal some candy from another student's desk he agreed to do so. This is an example the morality of _____ overruling the morality
peers; adults
Kohlberg's findings indicate that _____ reasoning is not usually present until adolescence or adulthood.
postconventional
According to the text, many lines of research have shown that children develop their own morality, guided by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. school rules.
B. peers.
C. parents.
D. culture.
Answer: A
_____ is credited with beginning much of the developmental research on children's moral thinking with descriptions of the rules used by children as they play.
Piaget
Peers, _____, and culture guide the development of morality in children, according to research.
parents
Christopher, a middle-school child, exhibits empathy and intellectual maturity. This is considered an influence on a middle-school child's sense of _____, according to Kohlberg.
morality
According to Kohlberg, intellectual maturation advances _____ thinking.
moral