according to Erikson, what is the major personality achievement of adolescence
Identity:
Defining who you are, what you value, and your direction in life
Commitments to vocation, relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals
Exploration, resolution
of "identity crisis"
Role Confusion:
Lack of direction and self-definition
Identity Achievement
having already explored alternatives, identity-achieved individuals are committed to a clearly formulated set of self-chosen values and goals. They feel a sense of psychological well-being, of sameness through time, and of knowing where they are going. Hi
Identity moratorium
moratorium means "delay or holding pattern" these individuals have not yet made definite commitments. They are in the process of exploring-gathering information and trying out activities, with the desire to find values and goals to guide their lives. High
Identity foreclosure
individuals have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives. They accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures- usually parents but sometimes teachers, religious leaders, or romantic partners. Low explorat
Identity diffusion
individuals lack clear direction. They are not committed to values and goals, nor are they actively trying to reach them. They may never have explored alternatives or may have found the task too threatening and overwhelming. Low exploration and low commit
Factors that affect identity development
Personality
Child-rearing practices:
attachment
Peers, friends Schools, communities Culture Societal forces
describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy
Few people reach postconventional morality
Stages 3 and 4 reflect morally mature reasoning
In real life, people often reason below actual capacity
describe influences on moral reasoning
Child-rearing practices:
caring, supportive
discussions of moral concerns
Schooling: higher education
Peer interaction Culture
Moral Reasoning and behavior
Factors influencing behavior include
maturity of moral reasoning
emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt temperament
cultural experiences and beliefs
moral identity parenting practices: inductive discipline,
moral standards schooling: just educational environm
how does gender typing change in adolescence
Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Not universal, more common in girls
Biological, social, and cognitive influences
Declines by late adolescence
discuss changes in parent-child and sibling relationships during adolescence
Strives for autonomy Deidealizes parents Authoritative parenting:
balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring
extra challenging during adolescence
describe adolescent friendships
Characteristics:
Fewer "best friends"
Stress intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty
Friends tend to be similar:
identity status educational aspirations political beliefs deviant behavior
Friendship Risks:
Corumination:
anxiety, depression
Relational aggr
Adolescent relationships
Changes:
Mixed-sex cliques prepare teenagers for dating
Dating goals change with age:
early adolescence: recreation, peer status late adolescence: intimacy, compatibility,
affection, social support
Relationships with parents and friends contribute to secu
describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide
Depression:
Most common psychological problem: 15-20% have had one or more major episodes
Twice as many girls as boys:
early-maturing girls gender intensification
Influential factors:
heredity
parental depression gender-typed coping styles
Adolescent Suic
discuss factors related to delinquency
Widespread in early and middle adolescence, then declines
Related factors:
gender
SES, ethnicity
difficult temperament low intelligence, poor school performance peer rejection, association with antisocial peers
family characteristics neighborhood