Lifespan chapter 12

according to Erikson, what is the major personality achievement of adolescence

Identity:
Defining who you are, what you value, and your direction in life
Commitments to vocation, relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals
Exploration, resolution
of "identity crisis"
Role Confusion:
Lack of direction and self-definition

Identity Achievement

having already explored alternatives, identity-achieved individuals are committed to a clearly formulated set of self-chosen values and goals. They feel a sense of psychological well-being, of sameness through time, and of knowing where they are going. Hi

Identity moratorium

moratorium means "delay or holding pattern" these individuals have not yet made definite commitments. They are in the process of exploring-gathering information and trying out activities, with the desire to find values and goals to guide their lives. High

Identity foreclosure

individuals have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives. They accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures- usually parents but sometimes teachers, religious leaders, or romantic partners. Low explorat

Identity diffusion

individuals lack clear direction. They are not committed to values and goals, nor are they actively trying to reach them. They may never have explored alternatives or may have found the task too threatening and overwhelming. Low exploration and low commit

Factors that affect identity development

Personality
Child-rearing practices:
attachment
Peers, friends Schools, communities Culture Societal forces

describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy

Few people reach postconventional morality
Stages 3 and 4 reflect morally mature reasoning
In real life, people often reason below actual capacity

describe influences on moral reasoning

Child-rearing practices:
caring, supportive
discussions of moral concerns
Schooling: higher education
Peer interaction Culture

Moral Reasoning and behavior

Factors influencing behavior include
maturity of moral reasoning
emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt temperament
cultural experiences and beliefs
moral identity parenting practices: inductive discipline,
moral standards schooling: just educational environm

how does gender typing change in adolescence

Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Not universal, more common in girls
Biological, social, and cognitive influences
Declines by late adolescence

discuss changes in parent-child and sibling relationships during adolescence

Strives for autonomy Deidealizes parents Authoritative parenting:
balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring
extra challenging during adolescence

describe adolescent friendships

Characteristics:
Fewer "best friends"
Stress intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty
Friends tend to be similar:
identity status educational aspirations political beliefs deviant behavior
Friendship Risks:
Corumination:
anxiety, depression
Relational aggr

Adolescent relationships

Changes:
Mixed-sex cliques prepare teenagers for dating
Dating goals change with age:
early adolescence: recreation, peer status late adolescence: intimacy, compatibility,
affection, social support
Relationships with parents and friends contribute to secu

describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide

Depression:
Most common psychological problem: 15-20% have had one or more major episodes
Twice as many girls as boys:
early-maturing girls gender intensification
Influential factors:
heredity
parental depression gender-typed coping styles
Adolescent Suic

discuss factors related to delinquency

Widespread in early and middle adolescence, then declines
Related factors:
gender
SES, ethnicity
difficult temperament low intelligence, poor school performance peer rejection, association with antisocial peers
family characteristics neighborhood