Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at ____________.
birth
In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage one is described as _____________.
stage of reflexes
When 1-week-old Justine feels too warm, she reflexively cries. According to Piaget, Justine is in stage ____________ of the sensorimotor period.
one
In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as ____________.
first acquired adaptations
Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one, but Freddy rejects it and continues to suck his thumb. Freddy is most clearly in stage _____ of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor
two
In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants respond to people and objects and seek to make interesting events last?
stage three
Do you want to play patty-cake?" Sofia asks her infant daughter. The baby responds by clapping her hands. In which stage of sensorimotor development is Sofia's baby?
stage three
In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects?
stage four
Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stag
stage four
The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with something else is _____.
stage three
the behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
deliberate
The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
goal-orientated
An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is _____.
looking for a smile and smiling back
Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of _____.
New adaptation and anticipation
Stage _____ of sensorimotor development is characterized by trying to continue an experience, whereas stage _____ is characterized by initiating and anticipating events.
three:four
_____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
object permanence
Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who _____.
Searches for a toy that has fallen from sight
Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as ___________.
little scientists
According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a ________.
Scientist who experiments to see what will happen
Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught her trying to flush a stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage is Tia MOST likely in?
stage five
Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of_________.
mental combinations
Which of the following is one implication of mirror neurons for infant cognition?
Mirror neurons facilitate the understanding of objects earlier than Piaget asserted
Cooper sees his mother come through the door after work. He squeals, "Mama!" Information-processing theorists would call this an example of __________.
an output
The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived. These opportunities are known as _______________.
affordances
infants develop concepts of ___________ before they develop concepts of __________.
motion:static objects
Research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers __________.
Use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders
Infant memory is characterized by ____________ memory; _____________ memory begins to appear between 6 and 12 months.
Implicit; explicit
Jeremy spoke Ukrainian in early childhood, but stopped speaking it when he was about 4 years old. He no longer explicitly recalls any Ukrainian words and says he can't speak the language. Which of the following situations might reveal his implicit knowled
Provide Ukrainian language lessons. Jeremy will pick up the language more quickly than life-long non-speakers.
The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is ___________.
Reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words
Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of _______.
Child-directed speech
Which of the following is a language development that requires understanding another person's perspective?
pointing
On average, children begin saying recognizable words around __________ months of age.
12
Eric just started saying two-word sentences such as "Dada home" and "doggie go." About how old is Eric likely to be?
21 months
__________ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.
B.F.Skinner
Which theorist said that children learn language as a result of reinforcements given by parents and caregivers?
Skinner
According to the Sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for infants younger than 12 months?
emotion
Julius is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following is he likely to have just recently begun displaying?
laughter
Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?
pride
Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?
The Social Smile
Darius participated in a research study when he was an infant, during which the researcher restrained his arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Darius likely experience?
anger
Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing ____________.
sadness
Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at __________ months.
9
Pierce is a 2-year-old boy who loves his "lellow-lee" (yellow blanket) and won't take a nap without it. Pierce's yellow blanket would be considered a(n) _____________.
transitional object
Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?
pride
Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?
The anterior cingulate gyrus
Tiffany is 8 months old. Her mother and father don't get along well. There is often fighting in the house that frightens Tiffany. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?
Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal
What is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?
slow to warm up
What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?
Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, hard-to-classify
The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called ______________.
Synchrony
In the research performed by Tronick & Weinberg, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions, and then on cue to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the _______________.
still-face technique
Proximity-seeking and Contact-maintaining behaviors are displays of ___________
attachment
Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment?
disorganized
Jerome clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Jerome is exhibiting _______________ attachment behavior
Insecure-resistant/ambivalent
Nine-month-old Tara explores new environments when her mother is present but shows distress when her mother leaves the room. Tara's behavior illustrates a(n) _____________ attachment
secure
Ruby does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruby's behavior is characteristic of _____________ attachment.
insecure-avoident
The Strange Situation measures how a child ____________.
Responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver
In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be __________.
Crying and unable to be comforted when Mother returns
Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the late twentieth century, what might be concluded about attachment?
A person's attachment style starts to be set by about 6 months of age
A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called ___________.
social referencing
When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to _____________.
Play peek-a-boo and patty cake
A child's typical activity during the oral stage is ___________.
sucking on a pacifier
In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of ______________.
learning trust and mistrust
Erikson's second stage of development is called ___________.
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
According to traditional behaviorism, personality is ______________.
molded by ones parents
____________ learning takes place by observing others
social
Margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who hold their baby often. They are exhibiting ___________.
proximal parenting
Distal parenting tends to produce children who are _______________
self aware
According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of assumptions that become a frame of reference that may be used later in life. Such a set of assumptions is called a ___________.
working model