adolescent egocentrism
an aspect of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
imaginary audience
imagine that others are thinking about, evaluating you (esp appearance)
personal fable
belief that one is special and unique
anguish, hopes for a unique personal destiny, invulnerability
personal fable can lead to these three things
formal operational thought
piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas
hypothetical thought
reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality. Reasion about if - then proposition
sensorimotor; 0-2
in this developmental stage, we learning to coordinate sensory experience with motor movement
preoperational; 2-7
in this developmental stage, symbolic reasoning (esp. language), but limited mental operations
concrete operations; 7-11
in this developmental stage, we can do mental operations in physical world (conservation of mass)
formal operations
developmental stage: logical and abstract though hypothesis formulation and testing, metacognition
idealistic
adolscents often think about what is possible. they think about ideal characteristics of themselves, other and the world
logical
adolescents being to think more like scientist, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions "hypothetical deductive reasoning" (Piaget)
abstract
adolescents think more abstractly than children. Formal operational thinkers can solve abstract algebraic equations, for example
1/3; 40-60%
by the eight grade, only ___ of teen use formal operations. On tests of formal operations, roughly ____ of teens and adults do not use them
deductive reasoning
top down reasoning; reasoning from a general statement, premise or principles, through logical steps, to figure out specifics
inductive reasoning
bottom up reasoning; reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than the other type of reasoning
post formal thought
theoretically is an achievement of early adulthood
pragmatism
taking practical limitation into account
relativism
commitment to certain points of view considered most valid
education and culture
postformal development may be more a function of ________ and ________ than maturation
intuitive thought
arises from an emotions or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influence by past experiences and cultural assumptions
analytic thought
results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. depends on logic and rationality
digital divide
the gap between students who have access to computers and those who do not
cyberbullying
occurs via internet insults and rumors, testing, ananymous phone class, and video embarrassment. Some fear that the ananymity provided by electronic technology brings out the worst in people. One expert on bullying believes that cyberbullying is similar t
cutting
an addictive form of self-mutilation
high stakes test
an evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure-- a single test that determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted.