Throughout history, children have been given new responsibility and instruction at about age _________. Today, about ______percent of children this age attend school.
7;90
Every nation creates its own _________ ______________, the unofficial rules and priorities that influence every aspect of school learning
hidden curriculum
The approach to biligual education in which the child's instruction occurs entirely in the second language is called _______________. In __________ __________ programs, teachers instruct children in both their native language and English.
immersion; bilingual education
In ESL., or _________ ____ ___ __ _________ programs, chIldren must master the basics of English before joining regular classes with other children.
English as a second language
The international approach to objective assessment of fourth-grade children's achievement in reading is the _______ __________ _______ _____ ______.
Progess in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Science and math achievement is tested in the _____________________________________________________________.
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
Internationally, girls are slightly ahead of boys in ___________skills, while boys traditional were ahead in ________ and _________ skills, but the
recent TIMSS found this no longer to be true. According to the _______________ -_______________ hypothesis,
verbal: math: science: gender-similarites; grades: adolescence
National differences in curriculum content ______________(are/are not) notable.
are
In the United States, the ___ _______ _________ ___________Act is a federal law that mandates annual standardized achievement tests for public-school children.
No child Left Behind Act
The ______ ____ is a federal project that measures achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time.
National Assessment of Educational Progress
Two distinct approaches to teaching reading are the _______approach, in which children learn the sounds of letters first, and the ____________ ___________ approach, in which children are encouraged to develop all their language skill at the same time. Mos
phonics; whole-language; both approaches
In the United States, math was traditionally taught by _________________ number facts. A more recent approach replaces this type of learning by making instruction more _____________ and _____________.
memorizing; active; engaging
Cross-cultural research reveal that U.S. teachers present math at a low level with more ________ but less _____________to other learning. In contrast, teachers in Japan work more ____________ to build children's knowledge.
definitions; connections; collaboratively
A public school with its own set of standards and, often, private funding, is called a _________ _______. Through the use of a ____________, parents in some school districts are able to choose which school their children will attend.
charter school; voucher
7 yr old Kyra has just moved to the United States from Colombia and knows very little English. Her school believes that she will best learn English, if classes are in both Spanish, her native language,and English. This strategy is referred to as ______ __
bilingual schooling
After moving to new country. Arlene's parents are struck by the greater tendency of math teachers in their new homeland to work collaboratively and to emphasize social interaction in the learning process. To which country have these parent probably moved?
Japan
During the school board meeting, a knowledgeable parent proclaimed that the board's position on achievement testing and class size was an example of the district's "hidden curriculum." The parent was referring to _________.
the unofficial and unstated educational priorities of the school district.
4 yr old Tasha, who is learning to read by sounding out the letters of words, evidently is being taught using the ______________ approach. Tabatha, on the other hand, is learning by talking and listening, reading and writing. She is being taught using the
phonics'; whole-word
1) According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development in which a person understands specific logical ideas and can apply them to concrete problems is called ________.
c) concrete operational thought
- Preoperational thought is "pre-logical" thinking.
- Formal operational thought extends logical reasoning to abstract problems
2) Low-SES children usually have poorer linguistic skills than high-SES children, primarily because they __________
a) hear less language at home, and adult expectations for their learning are low.
4) Information-processing theorists contend that major advances in cognitive development occur during the school years because ______________
b) children become better able to process and analyze information.
-Information-processing theorist use the mind-computer metaphor at every age.
-Although increasing automatization is an important aspect of development,the information-processing perspecti
5) Cross-cultural research on children's cognition reveals
a) the same patterns of development worldwide
(this is on the previous chapter quiz)
5) Cross-cultural research on children's cognition reveals ________
a ) the same patterns of development worldwide.
6) During middle childhood, children _______________________.
d) understand classification, demonstrate conservation and develop transitive inference.
Pregmatics refers to the practical use of language to communicate with others.
The information-processing perspective views the mind as being like a computer.
This is
7) The term for the ability to monitor and adjust one's cognitive performance - to think about thinking -- is ___________
d) metacognition
8) Long-term memory is _______ permanent and ________ limited than working memory.
a) more;less
9) Passed in 2001 , the federal law that mandates annual standarized achievement test for public school children is the __________________.
b) National Assessment of Educational Progress
10) Which therorist believed that cultures (tools, custom,) and people____________ teach children best?
c) Skinner
Piaget emphasized the importance of maturation in cognitive development.
c&d) Skinner and Chomsky each developed a theory of language development
11) Which aspect of memory is most likely to change during the school years?
c) The speed and efficiency of working memory.
During middle childhood, speed of processing increases and automatization improves, thus improving the efficiency of working memory.
12) 8 yr old, who recently emigrated from Mayanmar, attends a school in Canada in which all subjects are taught in English. Cho's school is using which strategy to teach English-language learners? _____________
c) immersion
In bilingual education, instruction occurs in both languages.
Hidden curriculum is not a method of instruction.
ESL children are taught intensively in English for a few month to prepare them for regular classes. It is not clear that Cho recei
13) Many American children attend charter schools. These are ____________.
c) public schools that set their own standards.
According to Piaget, school-age children are in the stage of ________ _________ ___________.
concrete operational thought
The concept that objects can be organized into categories according to some common property is ______________.
classification
The ability to figure out an unspoken line between two facts is called ____________ ____________. Later research connects this ability to the maturation of the _________________.
transitive inference; hippocampus
Piaget called the knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series _________ .The idea that a transformation process can be reversed to restore the original condition is ________.
seriation: reversibility
Although other research has found more ______(continuity/discontinuity) in number skills, it nevertheless has supported PIaget's finding that what develops at this time is the ability to use ________ ____________, more____________ , ______________ and ___
continuity; mental categories; flexibly; inductively; simultaneously.
Unlike PIaget, Vygotsky believed that in the child's _____ _________ ____ ________ instuction by ______ is crucial to cognitive development. In his view, formal education _______ (is/is not) the only context for learning.
zone of proximal development; others; is not
Vygotsky's emphasis on the ______________ context contrasts with Piaget's more _____________ approach.
sociocultural; maturational
Educators', and psychologists', understand of how children learn is based on the framework that was laid down by ______________and embellished by ________________.
Piaget; Vygotsky
The idea that the advances in thinking that accompany middle childhood occur because of basic changes in how children take in, store, and process data is cental to the _____________ - ___________ theory.
information-processing
Incoming stimulus iniformation is held for a split second in _______-_________, after which most of it is lost.
sensory memory (the sensory register)
Meaningful material is transferred into ________ _________, which was formerly called ________ - _____ ______. This part of memory handles mental activity that is ____________. Improvement in this type of memory occurs in two areas: the ________ ______, w
working memory; short-term memory; conscious; phonological loop; visual-spatial sketchpad
The part of memory that stores information for days, months, or years is ___________________ _____________ __________. Crucial in this component of the system isn't only storage of the material but also its _________________.
long-term memory; retrieval
Memory ability improves during middle childhood in part because of the child's expanded ________ ________.
knowledge base
The knowledge base also depends on ________, current _________, and personal ____________.
experience; opportunity; motivation
The mechanisms of the information-processing system that regulate the analysis and flow of information are the _________- ________. These include ____________ ____________, ____________________, and _______________ _____________.
control processes; selective attention; metacognition; emotional regulation
The ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine what to do - and to monitor and adjust one's performance - is called ____________.
metacognition
Because control processes organize, prioritize, and direct mental operations, they are also called ___________processes.
executive
Control processes develop spontaneouly with ________, but they are also taught, either ________________through instruction or through __________learning.
age: explicitly; discover
The following statement indicate that the child has grasped the principle of reversibility
" I have one sister and no brothers. My parent have two children.
Reversibility is the logical principle that something that has been changed (suchas the height of lemonades poured from one glas into another) can be returned to its original shape by reversing the process of change (pouring the liquid back into the other
Dr. Larsen believes that the cognitive advances of middle childhood occur because of basic changes in children's thinking speed, knowledge base, and memory retrieval skills. Dr. Larsen evidently is working from the _______________ - ______________ perspec
information-processing
(information-proessing speed) referred to by todays'psychologists.
Mei-Chin is able to sort her Legos into groups according to size. Clearly, she has an understanding of the principle of _____________.
classification.
This is the process of organizing things into groups according to some common property.
Lana is 4 yrs old and her brother Roger is 7. The fact that Roger remembers what their mother just told them about playing in the street while Lana is
more interested in the children playing across the street is due to improvements in Roger's ____________
control processes
The control processes, which include selective attention, metacognition,and emotional regulation, are the executives of the information-processing system. They regulate the analysis and flow of information.
For the first time, 7 yr old Nathan can remember his telephone number. This is probably the result of _________
b.) increase capacity of working memory
The capacity of working memory increases during middle childhood.
9 yr old Rachel has made great strides in her ability to evaluate and monitor her learning and mastery of specific tasks. In other words, Rachel has shown great improvement in her _________.
metacognition.
Metacognition has been referred to as "thinking about thinking.
Andy, who is 7 yrs old. spends many hours playing w/ Ronny, a friend who lives down the street. Vygotsky would say that this _____ ______ is important to Andy's cognitive development.
social interaction.
Vygotsky believed that peers and teachers provide the bridge between the child's developmental potential and the needed skills and knowldege, via guided participation.
During middle childhood, some children learn as many as ________ new words a day. Unlike the vocabulary explosion of early childhood, this language growth his distinguished by ________ and _______. At this time, children also become much better able to un
20; logic; flexibility; metaphors; jokes; puns
The practical use of language is called ___________.
pragmatics
Children are able to change from proper speech, or a __________ _________, to a colloquial form, or ___________ _________, with their peers.
formal code; informal code
Decades of research throughout the world have found a strong correlation between academic achievement and ______ _______. This connection is revealed by the fact that chIldren from _______ - _______families are least likely to succeed in school. Their dif
socioeconomic status; low-income; language; vocabularies; grammar; shorter
Three factors that have been shown to be casual are limited early exposure to ____________ teachers' and parents' ____________ , and __________________ resources.
words; expectations; macrosystem
Children learn best if teaching reflects their _____________.
culture
14) Which theorist emphasized the critical role of maturation in cognitve development?
a) Piaget's
15) Of the following, which was NOT identified as an important factor in the difference between success and failure in second-language learning?
d) the difficulty of language
national policies, family ethnotheories and socioeconomic status are important factors in in the success and failure in 2nd language learning.
1)True/False: A major objection to Piaget's theory is that he underestimated the influences or context, instruction, and culture. T/F
T
2) Immersion is the best strategy for teaching. English-language learners.T/F
F
No single approach to teaching a second language is best for all children in all contexts.
3) Vygotsky emphasized the child's own logical thinking. T/F
F
This is true of Piaget. (Cognitive- logical)
4) Working memory improves steadily and significantly every year from about age 4 to age 15. T/F
T
5) Children become better at controlling their thinking as the prefrontal cortex matures. T/F
T
6) Culture affects only what children learn, not how they learn. T/F
F
Culture affects not only what children learn but also how they learn.
7) Socioeconomic status does not affect bilingualism. T/F
F
The likelihood of parents, school, or culture encouraging bilingualism in children dedpends on the family's socioeconomic status.
8) Most information that comes into the sensory memory is lost or discarded. T/F
T
9) Information-processing theorist believe that advances in the thinking of school age children occur primarily because of changes in long-term memory. T/F
F
They believe that that changes are due to basic changes in control processes.
10) Compared with children in the U.S, children in East Asia are more likely to excel on measures of reading, math, and science. T/F
T
11) Charter schools are regulated by the same standards as the public schools in a given school district. T/F
F
charter schools set their own standards.
PT2: 1) The first component of the information-processing system is ___________ ________.
a) sensory memory
2) Research regarding Piaget's theory has found that ___________.
b) the movement to a new level of thinking is much more erratic than Piaget predicted.
3) The approach to teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter is called the
_______ __________.
b)phonics approach
In the whole-language approach, reading is taught by encouraging all language -- talking, listening, reading and writing.
There is no such thing as the abc or sound-it-out approach.
4) When psychologists look at the ability of children to receive, store, and organize information, they are examining cognitive development from a view based on _________- ___________.
b) information processing
5) The Nathional Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).
a) measures achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time.
6) The logical operations of concrete operational thought are particularly important to an understanding of the elementary-school subject of_____________.
c) math
7) Which of the following is especially helpful in making it easier to master new information in a specific subject?
b) a large knowledge base
The sensory register briefly stores incoming sensations. Its capacity does not change with maturation.Working memory and long-term memory are important in all forms of learning. Unlike a broad knowledge base in a specific area, h
8) Lanuage "codes" include variations in ___
d.) pronunciation, vocabulary, gestures are all aspects.
9) When we refer to a child's improved memory capacity, we are referring to _________________
b) the amount of information the child is able to hold in working memeory.
10)Retaining information in memory is called ____________________.
b) storage
Retrieval is the accessing of already learned information Automatization is the process by which well learned activities become routine and automatic.
Metacognition is the ability to evaluate a task and to monitor and adjust one's performance o
11) Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?
- sensory register
- working memory
- emotional regulation
- knowledge base
d) knowledge base
12) Which aspect of the information-processing system assume an executive role in regulating the analysis and transfer of information.?
d) control processes
The sensory register stores incoming information for a split second.
Working memory is the part of memory that handles current, conscious mental actitivy.
Long-term memory stores information for days, months, or years.
13) Which of the following is the primary international test of reading ability?
b) PIRLS
14) Which of the following most accurately states the relative merits of the phonics approach and the whole-language approach to teaching reading? ______
- The phonics approach is more effective
- The whole-language approach is the more effective approach
c) Both approaches have merit.
15) Juan attends a school that offers instruction in both English and Spanish. This strategy for teaching English-language learning is called _______
a) bilingual schooling
Matching Items: 1) working memory
j) area where current, conscious mental activity occurs
2) reversibility
b) the idea that a transformation process can be undone to restore the original conditions
3) classification
i) the logical principle that things can be organized into groups
4) charter
c) public school with its own set of standards.
5) information processing
d) developmental perspective that conceives of cognitive development as the result of changes in the processing and analysis of information.
6) control processes
a)mechanism for regulating the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.
7) retrieval
g) accessing previously learned information
8) storage
h) holding information in memory
9) metacognition
k) the ability to evaluate a cognitive task and to monitor one's performance on it.
10) total immersion
f) an educational technique in which instruction occurs entirely in the second language.
11) concrete operational thought
e) Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences.
12) voucher
l) permission to choose the school your child will attend
Key Terms 1) concrete operational thought
school-age children can think logically about direct experiences and perceptions but are not able to reason abstractly.
2)classification
is the logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some common property.
3) transitive inference
is the ablity to figure out (infer) the unspoken link (transfer) between one fact and another.
4) sensory memory
is the first componenet of the information-processing system that stores incoming stimuli for a split second, after which it is passed into working memory, or discarded as unimportant; also called the sensory register.
5) working memory
is the component of the information-processing sytem that handle cuurent, conscious mental activity; formerly called short-term memory.
6) long-term memory
is the component of the information-processing system that stores unlimited amounts of information for days, months, or years.
7) knowledge base
is a broad body of knowledge in a particular subject area that has been learned, making it easier to learn new information in that area.
8) control processes
(including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.
9) metacognition
is the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine what to do and to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
10) pragmatics
refers to the practical use of language, including the ability to adjust it according to the context in which it is used.
11) hidden curriculum
is the unofficial, unstated, or implicated rules and priorities that influence and academic curriculum and every other aspect of school learning.
12) immersion
is an approach to bilingual education in which the child's instruction occurs entirely in the new language.
13) bilingual schooling
is a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
14) ESL (English as a second language)
ESL (English as a second language) is an approach to bilingual education in which children are taught separtely, and exclusively in English, to prepare them for attending regular classes.
15) Progress in International Reading Literacy study.
inaugurated in 2001, is a 5 yr cycle of trend studies or reading ability of fourthgraders around the world.
16) Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
is an international assessment of the math and science skill of fourth - and eighth-graders.
17) No child left Behind Act
is a controversial law, enacted in 2001, that uses multiple assessments and achievements standards to try to improve public education in the United States.
18) National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
is an ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subject.
19) phonics approach
is a method of teaching reading by having children learn the sounds of letters before they begin to learn words.
20) whole-language apprroach
is a method of teaching reading by encouraging children to develop all their language skills simultaneously.
21) charter school
is a public school with its own set of standards that is funded by the state or local district in which it is located.
22) voucher
give parents permission to choose which school their child will attend, with some or all of the cost of that child's education born by the local government.
Cross Check: Across:
3) The part of memory that stores unlimited amounts of information for days, months, or years.
long-term
5) The aspect of memory that holds information for only a split second.
sensory.
7) Processes that regulate the analysis and flow of information in memory.
control.
8) Psychologist who developed an influential theory of cognitive development.
Piaget.
9) The main characteristic of concrete operational thinking is the ability to use _____________.
.logic
11) An approach to teaching a second language in which the teacher instructs the children in school subjects using their native language as well as the second language.
bilingual.
12) The principle that thing can return to their original state.
reversibility
13) According to the theorist in 8 across, cognitive development occurs in ____________.
stages
1) Down:
The part of memory that handles current, conscious mental activity.
working memory
2) According to piaget, the type of cognitive operations that occur during middle childhood.
concrete.
4) The ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine what to do .
metacognition...
6) English as a second language
ESL.
10) The body of knowledge that has been learned about a particular area.
knowledge base.
The ability to figure our the unspoken link between one fact and another is _____________.
transitive inference