zygote
The term used to describe a developing organism immediately following conception until the embryo stage, or the first 2 weeks following conception in humans.
-Differentiation into germ layers
embryo
The term used to describe a developing organism between the zygote and the fetus stages, or between 3 and 8 weeks following conception in humans.
-Nervous system and organs form
-Sex organs differentiate into males and females
fetus
The term used to describe a developing organism between the embryo stage and birth, or between 8 and approximately 40 weeks following conception in humans.
-Growth and maturation of existing organs
-REM sleep in seventh month of pregnancy
-Good hearing fr
newborn
First 28 days of life
-Reflexive movement
-Large amounts of sleep
-Improving sensory capacities
-Preference for faces
teratogen
A chemical agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus.
effects of alcohol on a child
-Small stature
-Facial abnormalities
-Hyperactivity
-Intellectual disability
effects of Phenytoin (Dilantin) on a child
-Heart defects
-Intellectual disability
-Cleft palate
-Slow growth
effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.) on a child
Premature birth
Autism spectrum disorder in males
effects of varicella (chicken pox) on a child
-Scars
-Small head size
-Blindness
-Seizures
-Malformed and paralyzed limbs
effects of aspirin on a child
-Heart defects
-Intellectual disability
-Slow growth
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy that produces physical abnormalities and cognitive and behavioral problems in her child.
babinski
Stroking the baby's foot causes toes to spread out.
-possible purpose: Unknown; disappears as nervous system matures
blink
Eye closes in response to strong stimuli.
-Protects eyes
moro
If the baby's head falls backward, the arms first spread out and then "hug."
-A possible evolutionary remnant allowing primates to cling to an adult
palmar
Placing an object in the hand produces reflexive grasping.
-A possible evolutionary remnant allowing primates to cling to an adult's fur
rooting
Stroking a baby's cheek results in the baby turning toward the touch and opening the mouth.
-Helps the baby nurse
stepping
Placing the baby's feet on a flat surface initiates stepping.
-Possible precursor to walking
sucking
The baby sucks anything that touches the roof of the mouth.
-Helps the baby nurse
assimilation
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema, without the need to revise the schema.
accommodation
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema.
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
-sensorimotor stage
-preoperational stage
-concrete operational stage
-formal operational stage
sensorimotor stage
Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment.
-Here and now rather than past and future
-Exploration through moving and sensing
-Object permanence
object permanence
The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present.
preoperational stage
Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at the age of 2 years and ending at the age of 6 years and characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically.
-Language acquisition
-Egocentrism
-Illogical reasoning
conservation
The ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity.
egocentrism
Limitations on the ability to understand the point of view of other people.
concrete operatonal stage
Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at the age of 6 years and ending at the age of 12 years and characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning.
-Logical reasoning
-Mastery of conservation problems
-Learning by doing
formal operational stage
Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at age 12 and extending through adulthood and characterized by mature reasoning capabilities.
-Abstract reasoning
-Idealism
-Improved problem solving
theory of mind (TOM)
The understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one's own.
physical development
-Height and weight increase rapidly.
-Both gray and white matter in the brain increase.
-Motor control improves from head to toe and from the midline outward to the periphery of the body.
cognitive development
-Children demonstrate na�ve theories.
-Children learn language rapidly.
-Assimilation and accommodation of information build better concepts.
-Thought becomes more logical and abstract.
social and emotional development
-Temperament shapes initial responses to the environment.
-Children form secure and insecure attachments to caregivers.
-Parenting styles interact with temperament.
adolescence
A period of development beginning at puberty and ending at young adulthood.
puberty
A period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity.
the age of puberty has decreased over the last 100 years
Since 1840, the average age of first menstruation, a major indicator of puberty in females, has dropped from nearly 16 years to its current average of 12.6 years.
secondary sex characteristics
Physical changes occurring at puberty associated with sexual maturity.
preconventional morality
Lawrence Kohlberg's stage at which moral choices are made according to expectations of reward or punishment.
conventional morality
Lawrence Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which moral choices are made according to law or public opinion.
postconventional morality
Lawrence Kohlberg's stage at which moral choices are made according to personal standards and reason.
identity
A consistent, unified sense of self.
menopause
The complete cessation of a woman's menstrual cycles.
physical change
-Adolescents mature sexually and reach adult height and weight.
-The brain continues to grow through adolescence and into young adulthood.
-Menopause is a major transition for women in midlife.
-Among healthy older adults, physical changes are gradual.
cognition
-Working memory and reaction time reach adult levels during adolescence.
-Thinking becomes more logical during adolescence and more independent in young adulthood.
-Moral reasoning in adults is usually conventional or postconventional.
-Intelligence remai
social and emotional life
-Adolescents seek to develop identity.
-Relationships might lead to marriage and parenting in young adulthood.
-Midlife adults may experience changes in family and work domains.
-Older adults show significant benefits from social connections.