What does HDFS stand for?
Human Development and Family Studies
What is HDFS?
An interdisciplinary scientific field that studies changes in humans and families across the lifespan
Not a scientific based field, rather an applied discipline
A field that focuses on understanding child development
What does DTLS cover?
Birth to death
Early childhood to adulthood
Conception to death
Context is important for understanding development?
True
How long can sperm live in the body?
5 days
Parents become less influential as children grow
False
All elderly persons experience a decline in health, social relationships, and satisfaction with life?
False
What is Human Development?
A field devoted to understanding patterns of stability and change that occur during an individuals life
Unique Features of HDFS:
HDFS is focused on the whole person
HDFS is interdisciplinary
HDFS examines development in context
HDFS focuses on the whole lifespan
HDFS is an applied field
HDFS is a scientific field
Developmental domains of HDFS
Physical
Cognitive
Language
Social
Emotional
HDFS is interdisciplinary...
Human development is best understood from a broad perspective
Biopsychosocial perspective
HDFS examines development in context...
Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different patterns of development
-How different contexts influence individual and family processes
HDFS focuses on the whole lifespan...
Need to understand people at different ages (conception to death)
Need to understand families at different stages
Development is lifelong
HDFS is an applied field (Preparing you for improving lives)...
Focus on practical approaches for meeting current needs of individuals and families
HDFS is a scientific field....What makes something science?
Steps of Scientific Method:
Ask a question
Do background research
Construct a hypothesis
Test hypothesis by experimenting
Analyze data and draw conclusion
Communicate results
What is the Lifespan Perspective?
Development as:
-Lifelong
-Multidimensional and multi-directional
-Highly plastic
-Influenced by multiple, interacting forces
What is Stability?
Individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so at later ages. Early experience may have a lifelong impact
What is Plasticity?
Change is possible, based on experiences. Can be molded; altered
What are the Influences on Development?
Biological
Psychological
Social (historical; cultural)
What are the Basic Issues in Development?
Continuous or discontinuous?
One course of development or many?
Nature or nurture?
What is Continuous?
Smooth, continuous process where children gradually add more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with
What is Discontinuous?
Children change rapidly as they step up to a new level of development and then change very little for awhile
What are contexts?
Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in markedly different paths of change
Define Nature
Inborn, biological givens. Based on genetic inheritance
Define Nurture
Physical and social world that influences biological and psychological development
Periods of Development (Next 8 slides)
...
Prenatal
Conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood
Birth to 2 years
Early childhood
2 to 6 years
Middle childhood
6 to 11 years
Adolescence
11 to 18 years
Early adulthood
18 to 40 years
Middle adulthood
40 to 65 years
Late adulthood
65 years to death
What does Ecology mean?
The study of interactions between plants and animals and their environment
What is the Ecological Systems Theory (U. Bronfenbrenner)?
Idea that human development occurs through the interaction between the individual and the environment
Be able to define and provide examples of each level of the ecology in Ecological Systems Theory: the individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
Ecological Systems Theory
The individual:
Internal characteristics of an individual that impact development (behavior, physical and cognitive characteristics)
Microsystem:
Direct settings of individual's daily life (family, neighborhood, preschool). Intermost level of environment that consists of activities and interaction patterns in their immediate surroundings
What is Bidirectional?
Adults affect children's behavior, but children's characteristics also affects adults behavior
Mesosystem:
Connections or relationships between settings in the microsystem (children's education not only depends on the teacher's knowledge, but also the parents of the child...they have an equal responsibility to assist the child in learning) (the husband-wife re
Exosystem:
Settings that an individual doesn't directly interact with but it still influences his/her development (Child Welfare Services, extended family, workplace, maternity leave, flexible work schedule, sick leaves). Indirectly it would enhance the development
Macrosystem:
Various aspects of broader culture-cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. (acceptable dress, social responsibilities)
Chronosystem:
Development Time. How individuals select, modify, and create their own settings depends on their age and developmental level (starting school, marriage, becoming a parent, graduation, retiring)
What is Socioeconomic Status?
def) Indicator of social position; complex variable
-education (yrs, # of degrees)
-job type/prestige
-family income
-income-to-needs ratio (takes into account # in home)
Impacts of income
Likelihood of marriage (higher divorce rates)
Number of children
Expectations for children (success)
Family interaction (more jobs=less time with kids)
Discipline (strategies)
Educational attainment/outcomes
Health
Impacts of Income on Language (Research Study #1)
-Children on welfare heard 30 million fewer words in first 4 years of life (Kansas City, MO) than children of professions
-By age 2, all parents started talking more to their children
-But by age 2, the differences among children were so great that those
Impacts of Income on Language (Research Study # 2)
*Words per hour:
-Professional families=2100
-Working class families=1200
-Welfare=600
Impact of Income on Risk Behaviors:
Higher rates of substance use
Higher incidents of depression/anxiety
More likely to have negative peer group
Why? ^
Achievement pressures
Isolation from adults
Lack of family dinner
What are the 4 things that people need to flourish?
1. Safe places for young people to congregate with adult supervision
2. Opportunities for young people to actively contribute to their family, their neighborhood, and their community
3. Opportunities for active recreation and for young people to have fun
Research Studies
The way you set up your study depends on the aims of the study and the nature of the phenomenon
Descriptive Studies
def) Information is gathered on participants without manipulating them in any way
Observe and Describe
Survey or self-report studies
-May involve interviews or questionnaires
Observational Studies
-Counting number and types of behaviors
Case study
-Presents data on individuals in greater detail to make generalizations relating to research question
Manipulative Experiments
-Helps learn about causes of behaviors
-Researcher attempts to keep all variables constant except one, which they can manipulate
-Need to have control (placebo) group where that manipulation hasn't taken place
Naturalistic Experiments
-Researcher acts solely as an observer and does as little as possible to disturb the environment
-"Nature performs the experiment and the researcher records the results"
-Helps discover cause and effect in real life settings
Cross-Sectional
def) Descriptive (only) study that is relatively easy to perform and compare groups of people at the same time
-Does a relation exist between two variables?
One Timepoint ^
Cannot assess cause or change; just a snapshot
Direct Relations
-1st generation research
-Is X related to Y?
-Correlations (r) explain the strength of a relation
-The stronger the correlation, the stronger the relation (association)
-Correlation of 1 would mean that the variables were the same or equal to each other
p
Longitudinal
-Several observations of the same individuals at two different points in their lives
-Permits discovery of lasting habits and the period they appear
-Can asses change
-Allows you to examine more complex questions (What events in childhood predict adult ou
Challenges with Longitudinal Research
Lose participants: drop out, move away, change numbers
Practice effects: get better because done it before (audio argument)
Cohort effects: place in time (generation; depression era)
Measures: may become invalid for that age group (strange situation)
Fund
Independent Variable (Predictor)
Changed or manipulated by experimenter. Expected to cause change or influence in another variable
Depend Variable (Outcome)
Measured, but not manipulated, by experimenter. Expected to be influenced by the independent variable
Understanding Research Articles (next 5 slides)
...
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Gives background information
Method
Participants; measures
Results
What they found
Discussion
Brings it all together...how this study fills gaps in knowledge
Rights of Research Participants
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Beneficial treatments
What did the Tuskegee Study Lead to?
-1979 Belmont Report and the establishment of the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP)
-Federal laws and regulations requiring Institutional Review Boards for the protection of human subjects in studies
-All human subject research studies have to
Sperm
The Egg or Ovum
What is Fertilization?
The fusion of the sex cells (sperm and ovum) to create a new organism (baby)
What is the result of fertilization?
Zygote ".
What is a Zygote?
Mom and dad's genetic material come together
3 structures work closely together to coordinate our biological makeup:
Chromosomes
DNA
Genes
How many genes does each parent contribute?
1/2: Sex cells contain 23 chromosomes. Each contribute 23. They come together at conception/fertalization to provide total to 46 chromosomes
When is the sex of the fetus/baby determined and how is it determined?
Conception. Only male (sperm/y chromosome) determines the sex
Chromosomes
Every cell contains 46 (23 pairs)
def) A double-stranded and tightly coiled molecule of DNA (hold our genes)
DNA
Material inside chromosomes that carry genetic information
Genes
Segments of DNA. Carry complete instructions for making the proteins ("building blocks of life") in our bodies. Genes instruct cells to reproduce and make proteins in particular ways that produce our organs, bones, skin, hair, etc
How many genes to humans have?
About 20,000-25,000
Female Sex Chromosomes
XX
Male Sex Chromosomes
XY
What is Genotype?
The specific genetic makeup/information of the individual that is determined by alleles
-can't see it; only determined by biological tests
-responsible for shoe size, hair color, etc..
What is Phenotype?
The individual's observable characteristics
-the way genotypes are expressed; what you can see
-remember there is an interaction between the environment and genetics that lead to the phenotype
-height, eye color
Alleles
def) Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics
-Appear at the same place on both chromosomes in a pair
-One inherited from each parent
Dominant genes
BB (both brown eyes)
Recessive genes
bb (both blue eyes)
Homozygous
The two alleles are alike
Heterozygous
The two alleles differ
*
THE DOMINANT GENE WINS
*
...
Punnet Squares
Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic)
Two zygotes, or fertilized ova
Identical Twins (Monozygotic)
One zygote that divides into two individuals
Down Syndrome
Problems with the 21st chromosome (the smallest chromosome); they have 3 copies of the chromosome instead of 2
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Problems with the x or y chromosome. chromosome abnormalities can be a result of mitosis or meiosis problems or factors such as the age of the mom
Conception and Implantation
When is the best time to conceive?
Time intercourse so it occurs a little before or right at ovulation!
-The egg is capable of being fertilized for about the first 12 to 24 hours after ovulation
If you've been trying to conceive for over a year and have been unsuccessful, what should you do?
Consult with a doctor
-Women and Men
-40% of the time its the man
What are some natural ways to boost fertility
Quit smoking
Eat nutritiously
Supplements
Acupuncture
What are some biological reproductive options?
Hormones/fertility drugs
Surgery
In vitro fertilization
Intrauterine insemination
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Surrogate mother
What are some other reproductive options-not 100% biological?
Donor insemination
Donor eggs
Donor embryos
Adoption
How many people who seek treatment get pregnant?
1/2
How many babies have been born through IVF?
More than 3 million
How can you increase the odds with IVF?
Transfer 2-4 embryos at a time
-could result in multiples
What are the early symptoms of pregnancy?
Extreme fatigue
Missed menstrual period
Breast tenderness
Morning sickness
Food aversions
More frequent urination
Sensitivity to smells
How many births in the US are a result of unplanned pregnancy?
More than 1/3
How many pregnancies end in miscarriage?
About 1 out of 6 (1 out of 4 first pregnancies)
When does a miscarriage occur?
In the first 12 weeks (first trimester)
What is Prenatal Development?
Time of amazing growth and development
How long does an average pregnancy last?
38 weeks from conception; 40 weeks from beginning of last menstrual cycle
When is the first trimester?
0 to 12 weeks (associated with the greatest risk bc miscarriage happens here)
When is the second trimester?
13 to 28 weeks
When is the third trimester?
29 to 40 weeks
The period of the zygote (germinal)
First two weeks after conception
-cell division and implantation in uterus happen in this period
-placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac are formed from the cell layers that develop
Period of the embryo
2 to 8 weeks after conception
-foundations for all body structures and internal organs begin
-most remarkable changes take place in this period
Ectoderm
Skin, hair, nails, teeth, and nervous system
Mesoderm
Muscles, skeleton, circulatory, and excretory systems
Endoderm
Lungs, liver, and pancreas
Organogenesis
Process where organs are formed (around 6 to 7 weeks of pregnancy)
Period of the fetus
8 weeks after conception until birth
-"growth and finishing"
-fetus begins period weighing about 1 ounce and ends it weighing about 7 and a half pounds
Placenta
Supplies the embryo with all it needs (O2 and nutrients), removes waste from blood, and protects it from harm
Umbilical Cord
Contains blood vessels that go to and from the mother through the arteries and veins supplying the placenta
Amniotic Sac
Fluid filled sac that surrounds the embryo/fetus
Fetal period
Beginning of third month to birth
-3rd month: sex organs appear
-4th month: rapid growth; red and white blood cells; active sucking
-5th month: hears sounds, sleeps
Look at Milestones in Prenatal Development page in "Pregnancy and Prenatal" packet
...
Ultrasound
Use of sound wave and special equipment to produce an image that enables the physician to detect internal structural abnormalities
Amniocentesis
Fetal testing procedure that involves inserting a needle through the woman's abdomen, piercing the amniotic sac, and withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test
Blood sample drawn to screen for Down's Syndrome or spina bifida
Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)
A prenatal test that examines a small section of the embryo's outer layer. Can reveal chromsomal or genetic conditions (Down's, cystic fibrosis)
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can cause deviations in normal development
Examples:
-drugs and alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation, joint abnormalities
-tetracycline (used to treat bacterial infections)-stained teeth
-maternal diabetes
Types of Teratogens
Drugs
-prescription
-nonprescription
-illegal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
Infectious Disease (litter boxes?)
Factors Affecting Harm from Teratogens
Dose
Heredity
Other negative influences
Age at time of exposure
Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development
Maternal factors in healthy prenatal development
Nutrition
-gain 25-30 lbs
-3rd trimester is when brain is rapidly growing
-prenatal vitamins
Emotional Stress
-stimulant hormones are released into the bloodstream-can reduce blood flow to organs depriving baby of O2
Rh Blood Factor
-mother is Rh negative
Important Prenatal Care
-Maternal health monitoring
-Early care
*situational barriers (getting to appointments)
*personal barriers (work schedule)
-Diabetics need careful monitoring- extra sugar can cause fetus to grow larger than average, causes pregnancy and birth complication
Stage 1 of Birth
Effacement and Dialation
Stage 2 of Birth
Pushing and birth of baby (transition)
Stage 3 of Birth
Delivery of placenta (afterbirth)
Methods of Childbirth
Natural (prepared) childbirth
-Lamaze method
-classes
-relaxation and breathing techniques
-labor coach
Midwives & Doulas
Home Delivery
-water birth
-carry greater risk
Medicated childbirth
Cesarean Delivery
Midwife
Woman trained in delivering babies. Typically a nurse
Doula
Woman trained as a caregiver to provide ongoing support to pregnant women in all stages of pregnancy and delivery
Analgesics
Used to relive pain during child birth and may be given in mild doses to help mother relax
-OTC acetaminophen--->tranquilizers---> narcotics
Anesthetics
Stronger type of painkiller that blocks sensation
-epidural block that numbs the body from the waist down
Cesarean Section
Surgery performed to deliver the baby through the abdomen if for some reason the child cannot come through the birth canal
How much does the average newborn in the U.S. weigh?
7 to 7 and a half lbs
Normal range is 5 and a half to 10
How much initial body weight does a newborn lose?
7%
The Apgar Scale
A scoring system chart of newborns:
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
What is Kangaroo Care?
Baby spends some amount of time every day lying on the mother's or father's chest with skin to skin contact several hours at a time
Benefits:
-regulates body temp of infant
-sleeps more soundly
-gains weight more rapidly
-builds parents' confidence in car
Breech Birth
Birth in which the baby is born feet first, buttocks first, or in a crosswise position
Fetal Monitoring
Electronic device used to monitor the baby's heartbeat throughout labor
Two kinds:
External
Internal
Forceps
Metal clamps placed around the baby's head to pull it through the birth canal
Vacuum Extractor
Plastic cup attached to suction device used to help deliver a baby
Induced Labor
Labor initiated by doctors through:
-use of medication like oxytocin (Pitocin)
-breaking the amniotic sac
Anoxia
Condition involving lack of oxygen, which possibly can cause fetal brain damage or death. Complications with the umbilical cord, placenta, or lungs
Cerebral Palsy
Condition involving muscle coordination. Result of brain damage before, during, and after delivery
Rh factor
Possible incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and child. If mother is Rh-negative and the child is Rh-positive, miscarriage or infant death may result
Premature Birth
Birth Weight:
-best indicator of a preemie's outcome
-less than 3 and a half pounds=more developmental challenges
High Susceptibility to:
- Illness
- Impaired motor control
- Emotional and behavior issues
- Learning disabilities
Preterm
Born weeks before their due date. May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy
Small-for-date
May be born at due date or preterm. Below expected weight for length of pregnancy
Low birth weight and immaturity
Early birth occurs at or before 37 weeks after conception
Isolette
Specially designed beds for premature infants. Plastic-enclosed and temp controlled (incubators)
Micro preemie
Born before 26 weeks gestation
Risk factors:
Poverty
Teen mom
Ethnic minority
Consequences of Low Birth Weight
-Have more health and developmental problems throughout life
-Problems increase as birth weight decreases
-More likely to have learning disability, ADD or ADHD, and breathing problems
-Higher risk of infant mortality
Infant Mortality
Death of infant under 1 years of age. Relatively high in the United States compared to other industrialized countries (7 out of every 1000 births)
What should be done before birth to reduce infant mortality?
-Reduce unintended pregnancies (use contraceptives)
-Encourage prenatal care
-Reduce problematic pre-natal behaviors (smoking, alcohol and drug use)
-Care for high-risk pregnancies
-Education about risks
Changes in relationships with the birth of an infant
-Romantic partner
-Mom/Dad
-Grandparents (near/far)
-Work
-Friends (w/ and w/out children)
How many hours a day does the average newborn sleep?
About 17 hours a day
How often does an average newborn need to be fed?
Every 2 to 3 hours
About how many diapers does a newborn wet a day?
At least 9
How often should you bathe a newborn?
Not everyday! Once every 4 to 6 days (so they don't get dry skin)
Newborns Schedule
12:00 AM Nurse 10 minutes
12:15 Wet diaper
2:30 Nurse 27 minutes
3:05 Soiled and wet diaper
3:15 Nurse 17 minutes
4:55 Soiled and wet diaper
5:00 Nurse 7 minutes
8:00 Wet diaper
8:05 Nurse 20 minutes
9:25 Nurse 8 minutes
10:15 Nurse 12 minutes
10:30 Soile
Things to check first when your Newborn is crying
Things to check first:
Hungry
Wet/dirty
Burp
Tired
Needs more or less stimulation
Tricks for soothing once these have been ruled out: 5 S's for Soothing a Baby
Swaddling
Side or stomach lying
Shushing
Swinging
Sucking
Swaddling
Postpartum period:
Period lasting approximately 6 weeks after birth as mother adjusts physically and psychologically
The Blues":
25%-85%
Hormonal changes after birth
Sense of anticlimax after waiting for birth
Sheer fatigue
Worry about care of the baby
Postpartum Depression
Symptoms last longer than 2 or 3 weeks
7%-17% diagnosed
Higher risk - history of mental illness
Seriously impacts her parenting
Significant impact on the neonate's
development
Treatment
- Medication: antidepressants
- Support from others
- Cranial Stimula
Bonding:
The formation of a close connection between newborn and caregiver
Quality, not quantity (number of hours) influences the
connection
-Begins as physical, but evolves into phychological connection
-Crucial for child's well being
-
Single-Parent Families
Rates:
- 40% of babies in the U.S. born to single (unmarried) women
- Increased by 20% since 2002
- 1.6 million babies in 2006
Mothers:
- In their 20s
- No social & financial support
- Negatively impact a child's development for entire lifetime
Interventi
Change in Family Dynamics:
New expectations for family members
- Negotiate new roles
More need for cooperation, negotiation, &
distribution of labor
- Transition to parenthood easier for older
parents
All families must make an adjustment
when the neonate arrives
- Including extende
Developmental Tasks/Milestones
def) A set of skills or age-specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range
*Timing of developmental tasks are influenced by
societal expectations
Cultural variability (Example: Crawling)
Developmental Milestones of Infancy and Toddler-hood
Physical (growth, motor skills, hearing, vision, body shape, composition)
Cognitive (imitation, memory)
Language (babbling, nonverbal communication)
Emotional (emotional awareness, regulation)
Social (social smile, attachment)
Individual Variability
The actual age when a normally developing child reaches a specific milestone can vary
Developmental Milestones
Gross Motor Skills
Using the large muscles
Fine Motor Skills
Using the small muscles of the hands and fingers
Gross and Fine Motor Development
Motor development occurs in two directions: from head to feet (cephalocaudal) and from the center of the body to the arms and legs (proximodistal)
Progression of an Infants Motor Development
Lift head(0-1 months)>> Chest up, use arms for support(2-4 months)>>Roll over(2-5 months)>>Support some weight with legs(3-6 months)>>Sit w/out support(5-8 months)>>Stand with support (5-10 months)>>Pull self to stand (6-10 months)>>Walk using furniture f
What is the most effective way to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies?
Abstinence from all forms of sexual activity and having no contact with bodily fluids
What is Contraception?
The deliberate prevention of conception
The Withdrawal Method
The withdrawal method costs nothing but does not protect against STIs and results in a high rate of pregnancy
Birth Control
Oral contraceptives, birth control patches, and rings require prescriptions and offer no protection against STIs.
The Morning After Pill
The "morning after pill" is not recommended as regular birth control and will not abort a pregnancy
Condoms
Male and female condoms offer some protection from STIs
How can STI's be transmitted?
By oral, anal, vaginal sex, or by intimate touching
Where is Mississippi ranked in the United States when it comes to chlamydia diagnoses?
#2
What is the most common STI?
HPV