Child development
Scientific study of processes of change and stability in children from conception through adolescence.
conception - adolescence
Life Span
conception-death
Development
can be positive and negative
Dietrich Tiedemann
1st researcher to create a baby biography
Charles Darwin
researcher to create a baby biography based on 1 yr life span of his son
Domains of Development
Physical development: Growth of body and brain
Biological and physiological patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health
Cognitive development: Pattern of change in mental abilities (intelligence, IQ, language)
Psycho-social developm
Influence of Development
Heredity: Inborn traits or characteristics from biological parents.
Environment: Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development.
Socialization - Child's induction into the value system of the culture
Normative Influences
Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group.
Age-graded - Highly similar for people in a particular age group.
History-graded - Significant events that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation.
Non-normative Influences
Unusual event that happens to a particular person.
Typical event that happens at an unusual time of life.
Largely beyond a person's control
Atypical event
Reactive Development
Children grasp experiences and this input molds them over time.
Active Development
People create experiences and are motivated to learn about the world around them
Continuous Development
Some theorists believe development is continuous.
Occurring in small incremental stages
Quantitative changes: Change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, or size of vocabulary.
Development is always governed by the same processes.
Gradual refin
Discontinuous Development
Whereas other theorists believe development has distinct stages.
Qualitative changes: Change in kind, structure, or organization, such as the change from nonverbal to verbal communication.
Development at different points in the life span is fundamentally
Critical Period (timing of influences)
Specific time when a given event or its absence has a profound and specific impact on development.
Sensitive Period (timing of influences)
Times in development when a given event or its absence has a strong effect on development.
Which of the following events paved the way for scientific study of child development
the discovery of vaccines, the enactment of child labor laws, scientific discoveries about the nature of conception
Tiedmann and Darwin used the information obtained from _______ to support their early theories about child development
baby biographies
Professor Hughes believes that students can better understand the development of nature of behavior by studying human origins, both as a species and as individuals
Charles Darwins
Marsha is taking a class in human development. This class addresses the study of humans from
conception of death
Annette started crawling then standing and is now taking her first steps. The aspect of Annette's development falls within the ____ domain
biological
in the many pre-industrial societies the concept of _______ does not exist
adolescence
Non-normative
unusual events that influence a person's life
A _____ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of event has the greatest impact
critical period
Riley has grown from 13 pounds to 14 pounds since his last pediatrician visit. His weight gain is an example of a __________change
quantitative
Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy this is an example of
a critical period
Events that occur at about the same age for people around the word such as starting school are called
normative age graded influences
How fertilization takes place
Fertilization: Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote.
Also called conception
Zygote: One-celled organism resulting from fertilization.
Duplicates itself by cell division to create a baby
Women
At birth, have 2 million ova in their ovaries, each contained in a follicle.
During ovulation, when sexual maturity is attained, a mature follicle is ruptured and expelled from the ovary.
Ovum is swept through the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
Men
Several hundred million sperm are produced in the testicles each day.
Sperm enter the vagina through ejaculation and attempt to reach the cervix.
Few will arrive in the fallopian tubes where fertilization takes place.
Infertility
Inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of trying.
Women's fertility begins to decline in the late 20s.
Men's fertility begins to decline in the late 30s.
Patterns of Genetic Transmission
Hereditary characteristics can be recessive.
Carried by an organism that does not express or show it
Dominant and recessive inheritance
Every offspring gets a pair of alleles for each characteristic, one from each parent.
Alleles: Two or more alternative
Patterns of Genetic Transmission (cont)
Homozygous: Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.
Heterozygous: Possessing differing alleles for a trait.
When an offspring receives alleles for two contradictory traits, only one of them, the dominant one, shows itself�a heterozygous characterist
Patterns of Genetic Transmission (cont)
Recessive inheritance: Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait.
Polygenic inheritance: Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes af
Genotypes
Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of a person.
Multifactorial Transition
Combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits.
Prenatal Development
Gestation: Period of development between conception and birth.
Gestational age: Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle.
Takes place in three stages:
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal
Prenatal Development (cont)
Fertilized ovum, or zygote, grows into an embryo and then a fetus.
Morphogens - Molecules that are switched on after fertilization.
Begin sculpting arms, hands, fingers, vertebrae, ribs, a brain, and other body parts
Prenatal Development (cont)
Cephalocaudal principle: Development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction.
Upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.
Proximodistal principle: Development proceeds from within to without.
Parts of the body near the center develop bef
Germinal Stage
First 2 weeks of prenatal development
Characterized by:
Rapid cell division
Increasing complexity and differentiation
Implantation in the wall of the uterus
Implantation: Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.
Embryonic Stage
Characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.
From about 2 to 8 weeks
Organogenesis: Process in which the organs and major body systems develop rapidly.
Respiratory, digestive, and nervous
Severely defective embryos usual
Fetal Stage
Final stage of prenatal development, 8 weeks to birth.
Characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.
Fetus adds a layer of fat in preparation for birth.
Ultrasound: Prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency
Maternal Factors
Prenatal environment is the mother's body.
Everything that affects the mother's well-being may alter her unborn child's environment and influence its growth and health.
Teratogen: Environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development and
Nutrition & Maternity weight
Pregnant women typically need 300 to 500 additional calories a day, including extra protein.
Gaining too much weight leads to the risk of having a large baby that needs to be delivered by induced labor or cesarean section.
Critical to include folic acid o
Physical Activity
Moderate exercise does not seem to endanger the fetuses of healthy women.
Pregnant women should not push themselves and raise their heart rate above 150.
Regular exercise prevents constipation and improves respiration, circulation, muscle tone, and skin e
Drug Intake
Medical drugs - No medication should be prescribed for a pregnant or breast-feeding woman unless it is essential for her health or her child's.
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting t
Drug Intake (cont)
Nicotine - Maternal smoking has been identified as the single most important factor in low birth weight in developed countries.
Caffeine - Four or more cups of coffee a day during pregnancy is related to increased risk of sudden death in infancy.
Drug Intake (cont)
Marijuana and cocaine - Lead to:
Birth defects
Low birth weight
Withdrawal-like symptoms at birth
Increased risk of attention disorders and learning problems later in life
Maternal Ilness
Toxoplasmosis - Infection caused by a parasite harbored in the bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs and in the intestinal tracts of cats.
Typically produces either no symptoms or symptoms like those of the common cold.
Thyroid deficiency
Rubella - Almost cer
Maternal Anxiety & Stress
Some tension and worry during pregnancy are normal and do not necessarily increase risks of birth complications such as low birth weight.
Moderate maternal anxiety may even spur organization of the developing brain.
Unusual maternal stress may have harmfu
The union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote is known as
fertilization
In fertilization the male and the female gametes combine to create a single cell called ____ which then duplicates itself again and again to become a baby
zygote
Fertilization usually takes place in the _____ as the ovum makes the trip from the ovary to the uterus
fallopian tube
Sperm are produced in the ____ at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen during sexual climate
testes
infertility is the ability to conceive after ____ months of trying to have a baby
12 or more
Child A's sex chromosomes are XX and Child B's sex chromosomes are XY. Child A is a(n) ___ and Child B is a(n) ___
girl; boy
Harry's wife is pregnant with a child whose sex chromosome is XY. Harry and his wife are
having a boy
The sex of a child is determined by the sex chromosomes of
the father
Genes that produce alternative expressions of a trait are called
alleles
Matu received identical genes for hair color from each of his parents. We would say that Matu is _____ for that trait
homozygous
If Carol and Robert both pass on the gene for red hair their child will have red hair. This is an example of _____ inheritance
recessive
An individuals ____ consists of that individual observable traits; an individuals ____is his/her underlying genetic pattern
phenotype genotype
Brooklyn has curly hair but carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is
curly hair
The correct order for the three prenatal stages is
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
The _____ principal explains why an embryo's head, brain, and eyes develop the earliest and are disproportionately large until the other parts catch up
cephalocaudal
Parturition
process of preparing to give birth
The zygote begins rapid cell division and forms into a blastocyst during the ____ stage
germinal
Luanne's doctor told her that her baby's major body systems and organs were rapidly developing. Luanne's baby is in the _____ stage of devolpmeny
embryonic
Miscarriages or spontaneous abortion is most likely to occur in which trimester of the pregnancy
first
The fetal stage of development is reached ____ after conception
8 weeks
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called
teratogens
In a healthy pregnancy how many extra calories should a woman consume each day
300-500
Increasing a woman's folic acid consumption by just 5 milligrams each day reduces the incidence of _____ by 85%
neutral tube defects
Which of the following statements best describes the appropriate level of exercise for pregnant women?
pregnant women should exercise moderately throughout their pregnancy
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is associated with
fetal alcohol syndrome
The series of uterine and cervical changes that occur two weeks before delivery are called
contractions
Yvonne has begun to experience uterine contractions that are causing her cervix to dilate. She is in the ___ stage of childbirth
first
Cervix has fully dilated and the baby's head is just visible in the canal. Which stage of childbirth is this
second
The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the ____ stage of child birth
third
A surgical incision was made in Lana's abdomen in order for her to deliver her baby. This procedure is called a
cesarean section (C-Section)
The baby's feet rather than the head are moving down the birth canal first. What delivery procedure needs to be done
cesarean section (C-Section)