Anatomic Position
body erect, feet slightly apart, head held high, and palms of the
hands are facing forward
Superior
above
Inferior
below
Anterior
facing forward
Posterior
toward the back
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline/toward the sides
Proximal
means closer to the point of attachment
Distal
Refers to further away from the point of attachment
What does the dorsal cavity include?
The cranial and spinal cavities
What is histology?
the study of tissues
What are neuroglia?
Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells
referred to as neuroglia.
Cells are the basic unit of life (T/F)
TRUE
Mitosis
necessary for growth and repair. DNA is duplicated and distributed
evenly between the to daughter cells
Meiosis
Special cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
in the process, the chromosome number I reduced from 46 to 23
Epidermis
outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
Dermis
the underlying later of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve
endings, and associated skin structures.
Rests on subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to the
superficial muscles
Layers of epidermis from outer layer to inner layer
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Germinativum (where mitosis occurs)
What is sebum produced by?
Holocrine secretion, in which whole cells of the gland are part of
the secretion.
Hemapoiesis
blood cell formation
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
support, movement, blood cell formation, protection of internal
organs, detoxification, provision for muscle attachment and mineral
storage (particularly calcium and phosphorus)
What are the cells that form compact bones?
Osteoblasts
What happens when osteoblasts become fixed in dense bone matrix, and
stop dividing?
They become osteocytes
Each muscle cell consists of myofibrils, which are made up of smaller
units called
sarcomeres
The muscle that executes a given movement is
the prime mover
The muscle that produces the opposite movement is
the antagonist
What are synergists
other muscles that may work in cooperation with the prime mover
What does the nervous system consist of ?
Brain, spinal cord and the nerves
What does the central nervous system consist of?
brain, spinal cord, and retina
What are sensory (afferent) neurons?
transmit neurons toward the CNS
What are motor (efferent) neurons?
transmit nerve impulses away from CNS toward the effector organs such
as muscles, glands and digestive organs?
What is the cerebrum associated with?
movement and sensory input
What is the cerebellum associated with?
responsible for muscular coordination
What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?
vital functions such as respirations and heart rate
Where do the nervous and endocrine system meet?
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
The pituitary is governed by
the hypothalamus governs the pit and the hypothalamus is governed by
the feedback of hormones in the blood
Hormones
chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation and
metabolism of specific target cells
What are the two major hormone groups?
Steroid and Non steroid
Steroid Hormones
enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus
Nonsteroid hormones
some are protein hormones. many protein hormones remain at the
surface and act through a secondary messenger, usually a substance
called AMP.
What is the nickname for the pituitary and what is it attached to the
hypothalamus by?
Pituitary- master gland
attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
The anterior pituitary
Somatotropin Hormone (STH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
The posterior pituitary
Oxytocin (labor hormone)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Blood is received and Blood is pumped
Blood is received by the atria and pumped by the ventricles
Valves separating the atria and ventricles
Right A and V- tricuspid
Left A and V- bicuspid (mitral)
External Respiration
refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
through the alveoli
Internal Respiration
refers to the exchange of gases between blood and body cells
What does the urinary system consist of?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra
What is the function of the kidneys?
to filter the blood
the functional units of the kidneys are the nephrons
What is the function of the ureters?
tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder, where urine is
stored before urination through the urethra to the outside
the filtration process
occurs through the glomerulus under the force of blood pressure
Where does spermatozoa develop in men
the seminiferous tubules of each testis
What produces testosterone?
the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules
A male's reproductive system and a female's reproductive system
Male- is continuous Females- cyclic
Where are mature sperm cells stored?
in the epididymis of each testis
What is testicular activity under the control of?
two anterior pituitary hormones
FSH regulates sperm production
LH regulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Estrogen
produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium
of the uterus for pregnancy
LH is released from the anterior pit when?
approx day 14 of the cycle a surge of LH is released from the pit
which stimulates ovulation and conversion of follicle to the corpus lute
What is the corpus luteum?
secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogen, which further
stimulate development of the endometrium
What does the placenta do?
nourish the dvlping embryo
hormones for placenta maintain the endometrium and prepare the
mammary glands for breast milk production (lactin)
Sphenoid Bone
unpaired skull bone
helps make up part of the orbit of the eye and HOUSES PITUITARY GLAND
Ethmoid bone
unpaired skull bone
makes up 1 part of the eye orbital, separates nasal cavity fro brain
and is the bone located deepest within the head
Frontal Bone
unpaired skull bone
Very front of the skull- helps make up forehead and orbit of the eye
Occipital Bone
unpaired skull bone
back and bottom of skull; contains large oval opening aka FORAMEN
MAGNUM (which allows for the connection of the brain to the spiral cord
Foramen magnum
large oval opening which allows for the connection of the brain to
the spinal cord
location- occipital bone