The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity
are located ________.A) in the glandular tissue that lines the
organ lumenB) in the walls of the tract organsC) in the
pons and medullaD) only in the esophagus because this is the
only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage
B
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to
________.A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal
through the urinary tractB) collect absorbed nutrients for
metabolic processing or storageC) distribute hormonesD)
return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
B
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called
________.A) digestionB) absorptionC)
ingestionD) secretion
A
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split
these molecules. This series of reactions is called ______.A)
absorptionB) secretionC) chemical digestionD)
mechanical digestion
C
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the
alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange
them in order from the lumen_________?A) muscularis externa,
serosa, mucosa, & submucosaB) serosa, mucosa, submucosa,
& muscularis externaC) submucosa, serosa, muscularis
externa, & mucosaD) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa,
& serosa
D
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.A)
There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.B)
There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13
months.C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age
most children have all 20.D) There are 32 primary teeth, and
most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never
very strong.
C
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of
permanent teeth?A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom
teeth are the last to emerge.B) There are 27 permanent teeth,
and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.C) The
number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary
teeth.D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the
number of lower permanent teeth.
A
Which of the following is not true of saliva?A) cleanses the
mouthB) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of
proteinsC) moistens food and aids in compacting of the
bolusD) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
B
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory
cells?A) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cellsB)
parietal cells and glial cellsC) serous cells and mucous
cellsD) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
C
The solutes contained in saliva include ________.A) only salts
and mineralsB) only proteases and amylaseC) mucin,
lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and mineralsD) electrolytes,
digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
D
Chyme is created in the ________.A) mouthB)
stomachC) esophagusD) small intestine
B
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase
occurs ________.A) before food enters the stomach and is
triggered by aroma, sight, or thoughtB) immediately after food
enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a
variety of nutrientsC) at the end of a large meal, and the
juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long
period of timeD) when the meal is excessively high in acids and
neutralization is required
A
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and
pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ______.A) portal
veinB) pancreatic aciniC) bile canaliculusD)
hepatopancreatic ampulla
D
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be
absorbed?A) B12B) KC) AD) C
A
You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and
whole milk. Which of the following glandswould be active in
helping you to digest this food?A) the pancreasB) the
buccal glandsC) the thyroid glandD) the parotid glands
A
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in
place are called ________.A) mesenteriesB) lamina
propriaC) serosal liningD) mucosal lining
A
The epithelial membrane called the mucosa ____.A) absorbs
mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormonesB) absorbs the end
products of digestion into the lymphatic systemC) fights
infectious diseaseD) contains the lamina propria
D
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested
nutrients lie in the ________.A) muscularis mucosaeB)
serosaC) adventitiaD) lamina propria
D
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by
increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the
following accomplish this task?A) plicae circulares and
intestinal villiB) the vast array of digestive enzymesC)
Brunner?s glandsD) the rugae
A
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach
________.A) initiates protein digestion and denatures
proteinsB) is the first site where absorption takes
placeC) is the only place where fats are completely
digestedD) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch
takes place
A
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the
stomach?A) chief cellsB) parietal cellsC) serous
cellsD) mucous neck cells
B
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and
somatostatin are hormones that are released directly into the lamina
propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete
these products?A) enteroendocrine cellsB) parietal
cellsC) zymogenic cellsD) mucous neck cells
A
Peristaltic waves are ________.A) segmental regions of the
gastrointestinal tractB) churning movements of the
gastrointestinal tractC) pendular movements of the
gastrointestinal tractD) waves of muscular contractions that
propel contents from one point to another
D
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the
stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are
stimulated by the presence of ________.A) starches and complex
carbohydratesB) protein and peptide fragmentsC) simple
carbohydrates and alcoholsD) fatty acids
B
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.A)
chief cells of the stomachB) parietal cells of the
duodenumC) Brunner?s glandsD) goblet cells of the small intestine
A
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of
the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?A)
gastrinB) amylaseC) cholecystokininD) trypsin
B
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and
pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ______.A) portal
veinB) pancreatic aciniC) bile canaliculusD)
hepatopancreatic ampulla
D
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called
________.A) diffusionB) active transportC)
hydrolysisD) denatured
C
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules
in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption.
Which of the following enzymes is responsible?A) renninB)
pepsinC) lipaseD) cholecystokinin
C
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.A)
muscinB) pepsinogenC) hydrochloric acidD) rennin
C
Hepatocytes do not ________.A) produce digestive
enzymesB) process nutrientsC) store fat-soluble
vitaminsD) detoxify
A
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?A)
cephalicB) gastricC) intestinalD) enterogastric
D
Chief cells ________.A) occur in the intestineB) produce
HClC) are found in the basal regions of the gastric
glandsD) produce mucin
C
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler
compounds by the process of ________.A) masticationB)
catabolismC) anabolismD) fermentation
B
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages)
that lead to a central venous structure.A) liverB)
spleenC) pancreasD) stomach
A
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an
obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the
________.A) serosaB) mucosaC) muscularis
externaD) submucosa
A
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the
________.A) duodenumB) ileumC) jejunumD)
pyloric sphincter
B
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand
for?A) incisor toothB) molar toothC) premolar
toothD) canine tooth
D
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the
liver were severely damaged?A) lipidsB)
carbohydratesC) proteinsD) starches
A
________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of
vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor.A) IronB)
SodiumC) PhosphorusD) Calcium
D
Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________.A)
omentaB) peritoneumC) mesenteryD) round ligament
D
The lamina propria is composed of ________.A) loose connective
tissueB) dense irregular connective tissueC) dense regular
connective tissueD) reticular connective tissue
A
________ is/are not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of
gastric secretion.A) DistensionB) CarbohydratesC)
PeptidesD) Low acidity
B
Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the
________.A) accessory pancreatic ductB) main pancreatic
ductC) cystic ductD) hepatopancreatic ampulla
C
The function of the goblet cells is to ________.A) absorb
nutrients from digested food and store them for future useB)
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the
effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestionC) secrete
buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to
neutralD) provide protection against invading bacteria and other
disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
B
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.A)
somatic neurons in the spinal cordB) the vagus nerve and enteric
plexusC) the rubrospinal tractsD) the reticulospinal and
vestibulospinal tracts
B
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that
contain taste buds?A) fungiform and circumvallateB)
palatine and circumvallateC) circumvallate and filiformD)
fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
A
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?A) parietal
cellsB) zymogenic cellsC) mucous neck cellsD)
enteroendocrine cells
A
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?A)
dextrinaseB) amylaseC) trypsinD) lipase
C
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of
the body?A) tongueB) esophagusC) nasal
cavityD) salivary glands
A
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that
contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is
________.A) bileB) pancreatic juiceC) intestinal
juiceD) gastric juice
A
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels,
lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the
________.A) mucosaB) submucosaC) muscularis
externaD) serosa
B
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine?
It ________.A) does not contain villiB) exhibits external
muscular bands called teniae coliC) is longer than the small
intestineD) has haustra
C
The propulsion of food down the gastrointestinal tract includes
________.A) the pharyngeal-esophageal phase, an involuntary
processB) deglutition, which is the elimination of undigested
materialsC) the buccal phase, an involuntary phase controlled by
swallowing centers in the medulla and ponsD) the gastric phase,
activated by distension of the stomach receptors
A
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric
secretion.A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in
decreased secretion of gastric juice.B) The presence of food in
the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion.C)
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the
mouth.D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a
pH of 2).
C
Paneth cells ________.A) are more common in the ileum than in
the jejunumB) are absorptive cells in the small
intestineC) secrete enzymes that kill bacteriaD) are
located next to the lacteal in a villus
C
Select the correct statement about digestive processes.A)
Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric
motility.B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the
purpose of starch digestion.C) Chyme entering the duodenum can
decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.D) All
commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa
of the stomach.
C
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.A)
a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal
mucosaB) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone
responsible for gallbladder contractionC) secretions from the
spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete
digestionD) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that
they can be easily digested by enzymatic action
B
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.A)
Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid
transport.B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active
transport.C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not
absorbed.D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
D
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the
following to occur?A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by
the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes.B) This type of food
would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive
upset.C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify
the fat in the duodenum.D) The acid secretions from the stomach
would be sufficient to digest this food.
C
The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from
________.A) ectodermB) mesodermC) endodermD) pachyderm
C
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile
vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the
sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is
thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby?s loss of
gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________.A)
acidosisB) ketosisC) alkalosisD) dysphagia
C
Hormones that inhibit gastric secretion include ________.A)
AChB) secretinC) gastrinD) histamine
B
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?A)
hepatic portal veinB) inferior vena cavaC) superior
mesenteric arteryD) celiac artery
B
Which of these is not a component of saliva?A) lysozymeB)
a cyanide compoundC) defensinsD) nitric oxide
D
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our
Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going
beyond the mucosa and causing problems.A) DB) AC)
MD) E
A