Glomerular Filtration
Largely passive process in which portion of the blood passes from
glomerular capillary into glomerular capsule.
Micturition
Voiding (Emptying bladder.)
Tubular Reabsorption
Returning fluids and solutes into the peritubular capillaries.
Tubular Secretion
Reverse process of tubular reabsorption. Dumping into tube for kidney
for elimination.
Order of Blood Vessels from Renal Arteries to Veins
Renal Artery Segmental Artery Interlobar
Arteries Arcuate Arteries Cortical Radiate Artery
(Interlobar artery) Afferent Arteriole
Glomberulus Efferent Arteriole Peritubular
Capillaries Cortical Radiate Vein Arcuate Veins
Interlobar Veins Renal Veins
Flow of Urine Through the Kidney
Collecting ducts Renal Papilla Minor
Calyxes Major Calyxes Renal Pelvises
Ureter
Basic Structures of the Urinary Bladder
Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder
Urethra
People normally urinate ______ liters a day.
1.2-1.8
The flow rate of urine is....
20 ml/sec
Normal pH of Urine
4.5-8.0, but avg value is 6.0
Physical Characteristics of Urine
Color, clarity, and odor.
Specific Gravity of Urine
1.001 - 1.030
Substances that are normal Urinary Constituents
Inorganic: Sulfates, Phosphates, Chlorides, Nitrites
Organic: Urea, Glucose, Protein, Ketones,
Blood/Hemoglobin, Bilirubin, Leukocytes, Urobilinogen
Albuminuria
Increased permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane
(proteins are usually too large to pass through); albumin is the most
abundant blood protein.
Calculi
Kidney stone
Cast
Hardened cell fragments usually cylindrical, which are formed in the
distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts and then flushed out of
the urinary tract.
Glycosuria
High blood sugar levels due to inadequate insulin levels; or can
result when active transport mechanisms for glucose are exceeded temporarily.
Hematuria
Irritation of the urinary tract organs that results in bleeding; or a
result of leakage of RBC's through a damaged filtration membrane.
Hemoglobinuria
Fragmentation of erythrocytes, resulting in the release of hemoglobin
into the plasma and subsequently into the filtrate.
Ketonuria
Excessive production of intermediates of fat metabolism, which may
result in acidosis.
Pyuria
Presence of WBC.s or pus in the urine caused by inflammation of the
urinary tract.
Semen
Consists of sperm and seminal fluid. Seminal fluid is overall
alkaline, which buffers the sperm against the acidity of the female vagina.
Pathway Followed by Sperm from its site of formation to external environment
Formed in testes. Mature in the epididymis. Then passes through the
vas deferens, then through the ejaculatory duct into the prostatic
urethra, then through the intermediate urethra, then through the
spongy urethra and finally to the body exterior.
Name the exocrine and endocrine products of the testes, indicating
the cell types or structures responsible for the production of each.
Endocrine function is the production of testosterone in the
interstitial endocrine cells. Exocrine function is the production of
spermatozoa which is produced by the seminiferous tubules.
Name the exocrine and endocrine products of the ovaries, indicating
the cell types or structures responsible for the production of each.
Endocrine function is estrogen and progesterone produced by the
granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles and corpora lutea and the
corpus luteum respectively. Exocrine function is the production of ova
or eggs.
Discuss the microscopic structure of the epididymis
A single coiled duct allows for sperm to mature as they travel from
the head to the tail over 20 days. They are stored in the tail for 40
to 60 days and if not used are reabsorbed.
Discuss the general function of the reproductive system
The perpetuation of the species.
Describe the function of the Urinary System
Elimination of waste, produces EPO, fluid balance (electrolytes),
regulation of pH.
Urethra Difference in Male and Females
Male urethra length:
20 cm. Has 3 regions Carries urine and
semen
Female Urethra:
4 cm. Does not have more than one region
Only carries urine