annabolism
building up
catabolism
tearing down
intrinsic regulation
local regulation
extrinsic regulation
nervous and endocrine regulation
receptor
sensor
sends info to control center
control center
integrator
determine response
effector
provides means for response
negative feedback
shuts off original stimulus
positive feedback
increases original stimulus
blood clotting and birth
homeostastis
state of equilibrium
supine
laying on back
prone
laying on tummy
4 most common elements
oxygen 65%
carbon 18.6%
hydrogen 9.7%
nitrogen 3.2%
ionic bonds
donor and acceptor
opposite charges
covalent
sharing of electrons
non polar covalent bond
equal sharing of electons
polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons
surfactant
decreses surface tension
solubility
ability to disolve a solute in a slovent
molecules of life
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids
proteins
most abundant and important organic molecules
basic buliding blocks
20 amino acids
7 major protein functions
support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation,
coordination and control, defense
amino acids
central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxylic acid group,
variable r group
protein primary structure
sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
protein secondary structure
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
tertiary structure
secondary structure folds into a unique form
quaternary protein structure
final protein shape
denaturization
loss of shape and function due to heat or ph
proteins
amino acids are basic building blocks
aerobic cellular respiration
uses oxygen to break down food and produce atp
atp
adenosine triphosphate
anaerobic
doesnt use oxygen
glycolisis
occurs in cytoplasm
krebs cycle and ETC
occurs in mitochandria
mitochandria structure
smooth outer membrane, folded inner membrane, folds/cristae, matirx/fluid
glycolisis input and output
input- glucose (6 carbons) 2 atp
output- 4 atp (2 net) 2 NADH 2 pyruvate (3 crabons)
fermentation
when O2 is not present
krebs cycle input and output
input- 2 pyruvate
output- 2 atp 6 NADH 2 FADH2
glycoproteins
large protein and small carbohydrate
proteoglycans
large polysaccharides and polypeptides
enzymes and catalysts
lower activation energy
substrates
reactants in enzymatic reactions
active site
location on an enzyme that fits a particular substrate
cofactor
binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
coenzyme
nonprotein organic cofactors
isoenzyme
2 enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction
exergonic reaction
produce more energy than they use
endergonic reaction
use more energy that they produce
lipids
fats oils waxes
made of mostly carbon and hydrogen
classes of lipids
fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids and glycolipids
saturated fatty acid
no double bonds
unsaturated fatty acid
1 or more double bonds
eiconsanoids
fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid
leukotrienes and prostoglandins
leukotrienes
active in immune system and inflammation
prostaglandis
local hormones
glycerides
fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
steroids
4 carbon rings
types of steroids
cholesterol, estrogens and testosterone, corticosteroids and
calcitrol, bile salts
cholesterol
component of cell membranes
esrogens and testosterone
sex hormones
coricosteroids and calcitrol
metabolic regulation
bile salts
derived from steroids
nucleotides
dna building blocks
3 parts- sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C)
DNA
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine,
RNA
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
phosphorylation
adding phosphate group to adp with high energy bond to form high
energy compound
atp synthase
enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation
impermeable
lets nothing out or in
freely permeable
lets anything pass
selectively permeable
restricts movement
materials can be restricted by
size, electrical charge, molecular shape, lipid solubility
active transport
requires energy
passive transport
does not require energy
types of diffusion
simple and channel mediated
typed of carrier mediated transport
facilitated diffusion and active transport
simple diffusion
materials which diffuse through cell membrane
channel mediated diffusion
small materials pass through trans membrane proteins
ions and water soluble
facilitated diffusion
carrier proteins transport molecules
molecule binds to receptor site
cotransport
2 substances move in the same direction at the same time
countertransport
1 substance moves in while one moves out
active transport
requires energy
ion pumps and exchange pumps
endocytosis
vesicles into cell
exocytosis
vesicles out of cell
pinocytosis
cell drinking
phagocytosis
cell eating
engulf large objects
low osmolarity
little solute lots of water
high osmolarity
lots solute little water
two major body cavities
dorsal and ventral
4 properties of water
solubitily, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication