Anatomy Chapter 22 Flashcards

1) Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed
by the respiratory system?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) transport of respiratory gases
C) external respiration
D) pulmonary respiration

B) transport of respiratory gases

2) The loudness of a person's voice depends on the _______.
A) thickness of vestibular folds
B) length of the vocal folds
C) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
D) force with with air rushes across the vocal folds

D) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

The walls of the alveoli are composted of two types of cells, type I
and type II. The function of type II is to ______.
A) secrete surfactant
B) trap dust and other debris
C) replace mucus in the alveoli
D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

A) secrete surfactant

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves
out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
D) greater than the intraalveolar pressure

B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular
contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two
factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during
inspiration and inward pull of surface tension due to the film of
alveolar fluid
B) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during
inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall
C) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during
inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant
D) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli

A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during
inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of
alveolar fluid

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
A) surface tension of water
B) surfactant
C) cartilage rings
D) pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

C) cartilage rings

Intrapulmonary pressure is __________
A) pressure within the plural cavity
B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
C) negative pressure in the intraplural space
D) difference between atmosphere pressure and respiratory pressure

B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by _______.
A) Boyle's law
B) Henry's law
C) Charles' law
D) Dalton's law

A) Boyle's law

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the
sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture"
paraphrases _______.
A) Henry's law
B) Boyle's law
C) Dalton's law
D) Charle's law

C) Dalton's law

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing in _______.
A) humidifying the air before it enters
B) warming the air before it enters
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby
reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other
environmental variations

C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby
reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be _______.
A) at least 3 micrometers thick
B) 0.5 to 1 micrometers thick
C) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
D) the thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in
the efficiency of gas exchange

B) 0.5 to 1 micrometers thick

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) __________.
A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin oxygen bond
B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond
C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin oxygen bond
D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

B) decrease pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy
person is ________.
A) loss of oxygen in tissues
B) increase of carbon dioxide
C) pH (acidosis)
D) pH (alkalosis)

B) increase of carbon dioxide

Nerve impulses from ______ will result in inspiration.
A) ventral respiratory group
B) the chemoreceptor center
C) Broca's center
D) the pre optic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A) the ventral respiratory group

15) In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is _____.
A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

16) Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid
B) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants
C) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing
D) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age

B) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants

17) Which of the choices below describes the force that act to pull
the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface
tension of the alveolar fluid
B) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface
tension of the alveolar fluid

18) Which of the following does not influence the increase in
ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?
A) psychic stimuli
B) decrease in lactic acid levels
C) proprioceptors
D) simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles
and respiratory center

B) decrease in lactic acid levels

19) Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
A) adenocarcinoma
B) Kaposi's sarcoma
C) small cell carcinoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma

B) Kaposi's sarcoma

20) Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the
body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) blood pH ventilation
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration

B) blood pH adjustment

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the
medium bronchi to the alveoli?
A) Cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchioles
B) Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in
cross-sectional diameter
C) Proportionally, smooth muscle decreases uniformly
D) Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple
squamous epithelium in the alveoli

B) Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in
cross-sectional diameter

22) Which of the following determines lung compliance?
A) airway opening
B) flexibility of the thoracic cage
C) muscles of inspiration
D) alveolar surface tension

D) alveolar surface tension

23) Tidal volume is air _______
A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
C) inhaled after normal inspiration
D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration

B) exchanged during normal breathing

24) Which of the choices below determines the direction of
respiratory gas movement?
A) solubility in water
B) partial pressure gradient
C) temperature
D) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

B) partial pressure gradient

25) Possible causes of hypoxia include _____
A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
B) obstruction of the esophagus
C) taking several rapid deep breaths
D) getting very cold

A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere

26) The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable
air is the ______
A) tidal volume
B) vital capacity
C) inspiratory capacity
D) expiratory reserve volume

B) vital capacity

27) Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which
of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?
A) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus
B) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary
C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta
D) Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not
need a mechanism for respiratory exchange

C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

28) Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
A) rising carbon dioxide levels
B) rising blood pressure
C) arterial Po2 below 60mm Hg
D) arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

B) rising blood pressure

29) Respiratory control centers are located in the _______
A) midbrain and medulla
B) medulla and pons
C) pons and midbrain
D) upper spinal cord and medulla

B) medulla and pons

30) The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is
called _______.
A) reserve air
B) expiratory reserve
C) inspiratory reserve
D) vital capacity

C) inspiratory reserve

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation
B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH
C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than in carried in the RBCs.
D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.

C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

32) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through
all cell membranes by ______
A) osmosis B) diffusion C) filtration D) active transport

B) diffusion

33) Select the correct statement about the pharynx. A) The
pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx. B) The
auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. C) The laryngopharynx
blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. D) The palatine tonsils
are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

B) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx

34) The larynx contains ________. A) the thyroid cartilage
B) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple C) an
upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds D)
lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds

A) the thyroid cartilage

35) Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were
to blow up a balloon? A) diaphragm would contract, external
intercostals would relax B) internal intercostals and abdominal
muscles would contract C) external intercostals would contract
and diaphragm would relax D) diaphragm contracts, internal
intercostals would relax

B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

36) How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? A)
chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as
carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells B) as the bicarbonate
ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells C) as
carbonic acid in the plasma D) chemically combined with the heme
portion of hemoglobin

B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red
blood cells

37) Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the
lung? A) middle lobe B) cardiac notch C) horizontal
fissure D) oblique fissure

B) cardiac notch

38) Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? A)
allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction B)
helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers C) helps
limit the spread of local infections D) aids in blood flow to
and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits
between the lungs

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include
________. A) thalamic control B) voluntary cortical
control C) stretch receptors in the alveoli D) composition
of alveolar air

B) voluntary cortical control

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas
exchange? A) alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) respiratory
bronchioles D) alveolar ducts

B) alveoli

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. A)
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts B) alveolar and
capillary walls and their fused basement membranes C) atria and
alveolar sacs D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Gas emboli may occur because a ________. A) person holds his
breath too long B) diver holds his breath upon ascent C)
pilot holds her breath upon descent D) person breathes pure
oxygen in a pressurized chamber

B) diver holds his breath upon ascent

Inspiratory capacity is ________. A) the total amount of air
that can be inspired after a tidal expiration B) the total
amount of exchangeable air C) functional residual capacity
D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation

A) the total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration

Which center is located in the pons? A) pontine respirator
group (PRG) B) expiratory C) inspiratory D)
pacemaker neuron center

A) Pontine respirator group (PRG)

The nose serves all the following functions except ________. A)
as a passageway for air movement B) as the initiator of the
cough reflex C) warming and humidifying the air D)
cleansing the air

B) as the initiator of the cough reflex

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the
respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.
A) 17 weeks B) 24 weeks C) 28 weeks D) 36 weeks

C) 28 weeks

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory
rate of a newborn? A) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow.
B) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and
female infants. C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is
approximately 30 respirations per minute. D) The respiratory
rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80
respirations per minute.

D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate,
approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of
respiratory control. A) The pons is thought to be instrumental
in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. B) The
dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to
establish the pattern of breathing. C) The pontine respirator
group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory
drive. D) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.

A) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition
from inspiration to expiration.

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen
binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A) partial pressure
of oxygen B) temperature C) partial pressure of carbon
dioxide D) number of red blood cells

D) number of red blood cells

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are
________. A) the smooth muscles of the lung B) the
diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone C) the visceral
pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs D) surface tension
from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

D) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the
pleural cavity

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes
from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A)
temperature is lower at higher altitudes B) basal metabolic rate
is higher at high altitudes C) concentration of oxygen and/or
total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes D)
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at
high altitudes

D) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower
at high altitudes

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because
of the ________. A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose B)
abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa C) porous structure of
turbinate bones D) action of the epiglottis

A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Which of the following is not possible? A) Gas flow equals
pressure gradient over resistance. B) Pressure gradient equals
gas flow over resistance. C) Resistance equals pressure gradient
over gas flow. D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the
alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or
pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing
pulmonary ventilation. A) A decrease in compliance causes an
increase in ventilation. B) A lung that is less elastic will
require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. C)
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will
be required. D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action
will be required.

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:
A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to
the lungs carries one molecule of O2. B) During conditions of
acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance
oxygen-carrying capacity. D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of
blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher
than normal.

D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs
might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the
walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain
filled with air during exhalation?A) pneumonia B)
tuberculosis C) emphysema D) coryza

C) emphysema

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
A) as bicarbonate ion in plasmaB) attached to the heme
part of hemoglobinC) 10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the
plasmaD)20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin

B) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

True or False
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the
bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase

FALSE

True or False
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads
to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the
bronchial tree.

FALSE

True or False
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is
more basic.

FALSE

True or False
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of
gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in
the mixture.

TRUE

True or False
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence
in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

TRUE

True or False
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

TRUE

True or False
The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the
receptors for the sense of smell.

TRUE

True or False
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

TRUE

True or False
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves
into and out of the lungs with each breath.

FALSE

True or False
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past
functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

TRUE

True or False
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to
dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows
more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be
generated (the Bohr effect).

FALSE

True or False
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

FALSE

True or False
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

FALSE

True or False
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

TRUE

True or False
The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that
may cause overinflation of the lung.

FALSE