Human Anatomy & Physiology: Final AP2 Flashcards

Which of the following is not a category of Endocrine Gland Stimulus?
A) EnzymeB) Humoral C)NeuralD)Hormonal

A) Enzyme

Chemical Substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids
that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called?
A) EnzymesB) AntibodiesC) ProteinsD) Hormones

D) Hormones

The Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal tract_______.
A) Connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
B) Is partly contained within the infundibulum
C) Conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
D) is the site of prolactin synthesis

B) Is Partly Contained within the infundibulum

Oxytocin____.
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion
C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation
D) controls milk production.

A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

ADH____
A) Increases urine production
B) Promotes dehydration
C) is produced in the adenohypophysis
D) Is inhibited by alcohol

D) is inhibited by alcohol

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence
of the hormone is dependent on_____.
A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the
circulatory path
B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the
target tissue or organ
D) nothing all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any
and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

C) The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the
target tissue or organ

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported
to the anterior pituitary gland. The Mechanism of transportation from
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the_____.
A) hepatic portal system
B) General circulatory system
C) hypophyseal portal system
D) Feedback loop

C) Hypophyseal portal system

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a
true endocrine gland because ________.
A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or
nothing to do with hormonal release
B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human
it is no longer functional
C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is
actually part of the neural system due to its location
D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the
hypothalamus for release

D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the
hypothalamus for release

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the
expression of a gene
B) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
C) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
D) increasing blood pressure

A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the
expression of a gene

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed
B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
C) not responding to a feedback mechanism
D) Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G
proteins and cAMP

D) Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G
proteins and cAMP

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems
directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
Which of the following describes this mechanism?
A) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
B) catabolic inhibition
C) protein synthesis
D) humoral stimulation

D) humoral stimulation

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
A) the blood vessels
B) the adrenal glands
C) the liver
D) bones and skeletal muscles

D) bones and skeletal muscles

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the
hormone-containing blood to the pituitary
B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
C) travel by arteries to the pituitary
D) First enter into the hypophyseal portal system

D) First enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Which organ does not have hormone production?
A) heart
B) kidney
C) Liver
D) skin

C) Liver

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may
be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain
this problem.
A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it
is not synthesized by males.
B) The physician is wrong a hormone made in the adenohypophysis
could not influence fertility.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the
synthesis of FSH.

C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress.
They accomplish this by ________.
A) Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and
enhancing blood pressure
B) decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
C) stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
D) blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the
stress response

A) Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and
enhancing blood pressure

Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.
A) lymph follicles
B) Lymph nodes
C) axillary nodes
D) cisterna chili

B) Lymph nodes

The thymus is most active during ________.
A) fetal development
B) Childhood
C) Middle age
D) old age

B) Childhood

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and
the right side of the head and thorax?
A) lumbar trunk
B) thoracic duct
C) right lymphatic duct
D) cisterna chili

C) right lymphatic duct

The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
A) More permeable than blood capillaries
B) less permeable than blood capillaries
C) as permeable as blood capillaries
D) completely impermeable

A) More permeable than blood capillaries

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are
released by ________.
A) T lymphocytes
B) Plasma cells
C) lymph nodes
D) medullary cords

B) Plasma cells

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.
A) Efferent lymphatic vessels
B) afferent lymphatic vessels
C) the cortical sinus
D) the subscapular sinus

A) Efferent lymphatic vessels

Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
A) basophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) monocytes

B) Lymphocytes

Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral
cavity is called a(n) ________.
A) Tonsil
B) thymus
C) Peyer's patch
D) appendix

A) Tonsil

Which of the following is not a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue?
A) tonsil
B) Thymus
C) Peyer's patch
D) appendix

B) Thymus

Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following?
A) bones and teeth
B) bone marrow
C) CNS
D) Digestive organs

D) Digestive organs

What is a bubo?
A) a wall in a lymph node
B) a lobe of the spleen
C) an infected Peyer's patch
D) An infected lymph node

D) An infected lymph node

The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not:
A) have lymphocytes
B) produce hormones
C) have a cortex and medulla
D) Directly fight antigens

D) Directly fight antigens

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations
except the ________.
A) inguinal region
B) cervical region
C) axillary region
D) Lower extremities

D) Lower extremities

Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow?
A) skeletal muscle contraction
B) breathing
C) valves in lymph vessel walls
D) Smooth muscle contraction

D) Smooth muscle contraction

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
A) Lingual tonsils
B) palatine tonsils
C) pharyngeal tonsils
D) Peyer's tonsils

A) Lingual tonsils

Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
A) house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes
B) house and provide a proliferation site for neutrophils
C) furnish an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages
D) A and C

D) A and C

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
A) cytotoxic
B) Antigenic
C) helper
D) regulatory

B) Antigenic

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
A) thymus
B) spleen
C) Bone marrow
D) lymph nodes

C) Bone marrow

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
D) sets the stage for repair processes

B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia
caused by ________.
A) vasodilation
B) vasoconstriction
C) phagocyte mobilization
D) production of complement and interferon

A) vasodilation

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for
determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
A) antigen
B) interferon
C) antibody
D) complement

A) antigen

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the
________.
A) regulatory cells
B) helper cells
C) cytotoxic cells
D) plasma cells

C) cytotoxic cells

________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections.
A) Basophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Macrophages
D) B cells

C) Macrophages

Interferons ________.
A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one
virus could not protect cells against another virus
B) act by increasing the rate of cell division
C) Interfere with viral replication within cells
D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold

C) Interfere with viral replication within cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before
activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
A) natural killer cells
B) T lymphocytes
C) B lymphocytes
D) pinocytosis

A) natural killer cells

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
A) It is antigen-specific.
B) It is systemic.
C) It has memory.
D) It is specific for a given organ.

D) It is specific for a given organ.

Innate immune system defenses include ________.
A) B cells
B) T cells
C) plasma cells
D) phagocytosis

D) phagocytosis

Fever ________.
A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous
B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
C) Production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's
thermostat to a higher setting
D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to
inhibit bacterial replication

C) Production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's
thermostat to a higher setting

Immunocompetence ________.
A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system
B) Is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific
antigen by binding to it
C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell
types respond to the invader
D) requires exposure to an antigen

B) Is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen
by binding to it

Clonal selection of B cells ________.
A) occurs during fetal development
B) Results in the formation of plasma cells
C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens
D) only occurs in the secondary immune response

B) Results in the formation of plasma cells

The primary immune response ________.
A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated
C) is another name for immunological memory
D) Has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells

D) Has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
A) Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria
C) activates the complement mechanism
D) activates the inflammatory process

A) Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses