...
Which part of the CNS sorts almost all of the ascending sensory information?
mesencephalon
thalamus pons hypothalamus
thalamus Afferent
impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the
thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus--
which sorts out and edits these afferent signals before relaying
them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered the gateway to
the cerebral cortex. In summary, the thalamus plays a key role in
mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning,
and memory.
What CNS-associated structure is illustrated in this figure?
choroid plexus
hypothalamus arachnoid villus cerebral
aqueduct
choroid plexus Note
the specific arrangement of glial cells and capillaries as well as
the movements of the fluid.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
regulate body
temperature regulate emotional responses regulate
the thalamus regulate food intake
regulate the thalamus
The hypothalamus does not regulate the thalamus.
Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair?
superficial in the brain:
gray matter gray matter: myelinated axons spinal
cord: inner gray matter gray matter: location of brain
nuclei
gray matter: myelinated
axons Gray matter is indicative of unmyelinated axons and
cell bodies in the CNS.
Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending
projection fibers?
premotor cortex
frontal eye fields primary motor cortex
Broca's area
primary motor cortex
The primary motor cortex has projections for the entire human
body map, or homunculus. Axons from the primary motor cortex project
from the frontal lobe to the spinal cord.
...
Which of the following is the best description of the function of
region B?
Region B contains neurons
receiving somatosensory input from the thalamus. Region B
coordinates the movement of several muscle groups into complex
tasks. Region B houses voluntary motor commands.
Region B includes neurons whose axons carry motor commands from
the cerebrum.
Region B includes neurons
whose axons carry motor commands from the cerebrum. Region
B is the precentral gyrus, the location of the primary (somatic)
motor cortex. This is the origin of the descending corticospinal
(pyramidal) tracts.
What structure(s) is/are indicated by B?
pyramidal tracts
lateral ventricles association fibers corpus
callosum
corpus callosum The
corpus callosum is the most prominent example of tracts that connect
the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane
that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its
every convolution?
pia mater meningeal
layer of the dura mater arachnoid mater periosteal
layer of the dura mater
pia mater The pia
mater, meaning "gentle mother," is composed of delicate
connective tissue and is richly invested with tiny blood vessels. It
is the only meninx that clings tightly to the brain, like cellophane
wrap, following its every convolution.
In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input
into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of
sensory inputs.
True False
True The primary
sensory cortex receives sensory inputs in their cruder forms, while
the association cortex helps you understand what the sensory input
means.
Classify a fiber tract that communicates between the left
prefrontal lobe and the left parietal lobe.
commissural fibers
association projection
association
Association fibers communicate between gyri in the same cerebral
hemisphere.
Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus?
gateway to the
cerebellum visceral control center of the body relay
station for the special senses somatic motor control
center
visceral control center of the
body The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of
the body and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Its
chief homeostatic roles include controlling the autonomic nervous
system; controlling endocrine system function; regulating the
sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hunger, and thirst; and
initiating physical responses to emotions.
...
Which of the following describes the nerve fibers indicated by the
letter A?
first-order sensory
neurons second-order sensory neurons third-order
sensory neurons
first-order sensory
neurons First-order sensory neurons transmit sensory
information from receptors to the spinal cord.
Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that
controls almost all brain activity?
cerebral cortex
brain stem cerebellum diencephalon
cerebral cortex The
cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous
system, where most of our higher-level decision making occurs. It
enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, communicate,
remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.
Region A includes which of the following?
prefrontal cortex
Broca�s area primary motor cortex primary
somatosensory cortex
prefrontal cortex The
prefrontal cortex is located in the anterior region of the frontal
lobe.
At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs
her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has
been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______.
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
premotor cortex
frontal lobe The
frontal lobe has areas that control voluntary motor functions, mood,
smell, and social judgment.
The neural fibers connecting structure A to the cerebral cortex
can be described by which of the following?
third-order sensory
neurons lower motor neurons upper motor neurons
first-order sensory neurons
third-order sensory
neurons Third-order sensory neurons relay ascending
information from the thalamus to specific sensory areas of the
cortex.
...
Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the
human brain?
Nearly the entire surface of
the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called
gyri. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral
hemispheres from the cerebellum. The cerebral hemispheres
account for about 83% of total brain mass. Nearly the
entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated
ridges called sulci.
The cerebral hemispheres
account for about 83% of total brain mass. The cerebral
hemispheres, which form the superior part of the brain, account for
about 83% of total brain mass.
Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord?
Spinal nerves have mixed
motor and sensory function. Just like the cerebrum, the
gray matter is found on the superficial surfaces. The white
matter contains cell bodies for spinal nuclei. Damage to
sensory tracts in the spinal cord leads to paralysis.
Spinal nerves have mixed motor
and sensory function. The ventral roots carry motor
commands out of the spinal cord. The dorsal roots carry sensory
information into the spinal cord. The spinal nerves represent a
fusion of these two elements.
The fiber tracts indicated by the letter D will terminate in the __________.
primary motor cortex
primary somatosensory cortex thalamus cerebral
nuclei
thalamus The
spinothalamic tracts indicated by D carry somatosensory information
and terminate in the thalamus. Specific information will then be
relayed to the appropriate area of the somatosensory cortex by
third-order sensory neurons.
The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in what functions?
the generation of emotional
responses They are the control centers for homeostatic and
endocrine functions. the storage of motor patterns for
skilled movements of skeletal muscles the production and
interpretation of language
the production and
interpretation of language Regions indicated by E include
Broca's area in the frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal
lobe.
The groove indicated by C is the __________.
transverse fissure
lateral sulcus longitudinal fissure central
sulcus
central sulcus The
central sulcus is the shallow groove that separates the frontal and
parietal lobes.
What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body
mass for upper limb control?
cauda equina lumbar
enlargement conus medullaris cervical
enlargement
cervical enlargement
The spinal cord has an obvious enlargement in the cervical
region, called the cervical enlargement, where the cell bodies
controlling the upper limbs arise.
Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.
First-order neurons descend
with motor commands. First-order neuron cell bodies reside
in a ganglion. First-order neurons originate in the
CNS. First-order neurons usually ascend directly to the
thalamus.
First-order neuron cell bodies
reside in a ganglion. First-order neurons, whose cell
bodies reside in a ganglion (dorsal root or cranial), conduct
impulses from the cutaneous receptors of the skin and from
proprioceptors to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse
with second-order neurons.
__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal
nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.
Parkinson's disease
mad cow disease Alzheimer's disease
Huntington's disease
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease results from a degeneration of the
dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra (of the
midbrain). As those neurons deteriorate, the dopamine-deprived basal
nuclei they target become overactive. Afflicted individuals have a
persistent tremor at rest, a forward-bent walking posture and
shuffling gait, and a stiff facial expression. They are slow with
initiating and executing movement.
Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is NOT correct?
The cerebellum has a cortex
and homunculus, just like the motor cortex. The cerebellum
plays a role maintaining your balance. Damage to the
cerebellum could affect posture. The cerebellum generates
conscious motor commands.
The cerebellum generates
conscious motor commands. The cerebellum does not operate
at the conscious level of processing.
What characteristic does a spinocerebellar tract neuron share with
a sensory neuron originating in the quadriceps femoris?
Both neurons lack myelin
sheathing. Both neurons pass through the dorsal root
ganglion. Both neurons carry afferent information.
Both neurons interface with gray matter nuclei.
Both neurons carry afferent
information.
...
The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all
senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to
the appropriate area of the sensory cortex.
True False
False Afferent
impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the
thalamus (not the hypothalamus) and synapse with at least one of its
nuclei. The thalamus--which sorts out and "edits" these
afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical
areas--is considered to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex.
Which type of glial cells are shown in this figure
microglia ependymal
cells astrocytes oligoshendrocytes
ependymal cells
Specialized ependymal cells participate in the filtration,
absorption, and secretory processes that create cerebrospinal
fluid.
...
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons at A located?
in the dorsal root
ganglion in the medulla oblongata in the posterior
horn of the spinal cord in the thalamus
in the dorsal root
ganglion All sensory neurons, including those of the
autonomic nervous system, are found in the dorsal root
ganglion.