Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure transpulmonary pressure
Intrapleural pressure
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
surface tension of water surfactant production
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium C-shaped cartilage rings
C_Shaped cartilage rings
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the
walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain
filled with air during exhalation?
pneumonia coryza emphysema tuberculosis
Emphysema
True and False :
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the
bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The
bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
TRUE
The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
as a passageway for air movement warming and humidifying the
air as the direct initiator of the cough reflex cleansing
the air
As the direct initiator of the cough reflex
Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an
average, healthy adult at rest?
60 breaths per minute 120 breaths per minute 15 breaths
per minute 25 breaths per minute
15 breaths per minute
Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule?
hemoglobin is transporting three oxygen molecules
hemoglobin is transporting two oxygen molecules
hemoglobin is transporting one oxygen molecule
hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules
Hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
humidifying the air before it enters
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby
reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other
environmental variations
warming the air before it enters
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby
reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
terminal bronchioles alveoli lobar (secondary)
bronchi trachea
Alveoli
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory
gas movement?
partial pressure gradient the temperature solubility in
water molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
Partial pressure gradient
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes
from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
temperature is lower at higher altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher
at higher altitudes
basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower
at high altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at
high altitudes
Tidal volume is air ________.
inhaled after normal inspiration forcibly expelled after
normal expiration exchanged during normal breathing
remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
exchanged during normal breathing
What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?
medullary respiratory centers pontine respiratory
centers oxygen levels in the blood Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes
Medullary respiratory centers
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the
lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
compliance and transpulmonary pressures
compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension
of the alveolar fluid
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension
of the alveolar fluid
Hypoxia can be caused by ______.
hyposecretion of erythropoietin having a fever slightly
elevated level of lactic acid in the blood All of the listed
responses are correct.
Hyposecretion of erythropoietin
The __________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways."
larynx vestibular folds epiglottis glottis
Epiglottis
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
upper spinal cord and medulla medulla and pons midbrain
and medulla pons and midbrain
Medulla and pons
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body
with O2 and dispose of CO2?
internal respiration pulmonary ventilation external
respiration blood pH adjustment
Blood pH adjustment
Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of
gas exchange?
primary bronchi terminal bronchioles alveoli trachea
Alveoli
What is the volume of the total amount of exchangeable air for a
healthy, young adult male?
2400 ml 3600 ml 6000 ml 4800 ml
4800 ml
Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles
and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their
way into the respiratory zone?
type II alveolar cells secrete a substance called surfactant
type I alveolar cells produce antimicrobial proteins
alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces
the pleurae produce pleural fluid
alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces
What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?
epiglottis glottis vocal folds thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2
transported in blood?
dissolved in plasma chemically bound to hemoglobin as
bicarbonate ion in plasma as carbon monoxide in plasma
Dissolved in plasma
Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor muscles
oblique and transversus muscles
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?
oxygen needs of cells arterial blood pH arterial blood
carbon dioxide level arterial blood oxygen level
Arterial blood carbon dioxide level
True and False:
The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the
receptors for the sense of smell.
TRUE
True or False:
Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable.
TRUE
What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?
500 ml 3100 ml 1200 ml 4800 ml
500 ml
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
too little oxygen in the atmosphere getting very cold
taking several rapid deep breaths obstruction of the esophagus
too little oxygen in the atmosphere
Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the
respiratory rate?
acidosis increasing partial pressure of oxygen
hypocapnia alkalosis
Acidosis
Emphysema can result in an ______.
increased level of carbaminohemoglobin increased level of
deoxyhemoglobin increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians
developing a slightly blue coloration All of the listed
responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.
ventilation-perfusion coupling the Bohr effect chloride
shifting the Haldane effect
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all
cell membranes by ________.
filtration active transport diffusion osmosis
Diffusion
Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure
and volume of a gas?
Haldane effect Boyle's law Henry's law Dalton's
law of partial pressures
Boyle's law
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
dissolved in the plasma
chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
True and False:
Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli.
FALSE
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory
pressure pressure within the pleural cavity pressure
within the alveoli of the lungs negative pressure in the
intrapleural space
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present
in adequate amounts ______.
in the conducting zone structures of the lungs
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli
because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
True or False:
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
TRUE
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory
reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory
reserve volume (ERV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
True or False:
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the
pressure in the alveoli.
TRUE
True or False:
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves
into and out of the lungs with each breath.
FALSE
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the
respiratory passageways is ________.
friction air pressure surfactant surface tension
Friction
Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?
to assist in taste sensation
stimulation of the "cough" reflex
voice production
to provide a patent airway
to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the
proper channels
to assist in taste sensation
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of
breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?
intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to
damage caused by oxygen toxicity?
brain spleen muscles costal cartilages
costal cartilages
Which of the following initiates inspiration?
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
diencephalon
pontine respiratory centers
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
True or False:
The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
FALSE
What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?
smooth muscle contraction environmental stimuli air sac
contraction intrapulmonary pressure change
Intrapulmonary pressure change
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts alveolar and
capillary walls and their fused basement membranes atria and
alveolar sacs respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory
stimulant to increase respiration?
arterial pH a rise in body temperature an increase in
blood pH rising carbon dioxide levels
Rising carbon dioxide levels
During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this
means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.
blood blood plasma interstitial fluid water
Interstitial fluid
True and False:
Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even
when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
TRUE
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
rising blood pressure acidosis resulting from CO2
retention rising carbon dioxide levels arterial Po2 below
60 mm Hg
Rising blood pressure
True or False:
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is
more basic.
FALSE
True or False :
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
TRUE
__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and
intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
Intraalveolar pressure Atmospheric pressure
Transthoracic pressure Transpulmonary pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
matching the amount of blood flow through the body to the amount of
oxygen in the air sacs
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in
pulmonary capillaries
matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the
alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to pO2 and pCO2
values in the blood
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in
pulmonary capillaries
Gas emboli may occur because a ________.
person holds his breath too long person breathes pure oxygen
in a pressurized chamber diver holds his breath upon
ascent pilot holds her breath upon descent
Diver holds his breath upon ascent
True and False:
The structures within the respiratory system's conducting zone
include the trachea and the paranasal sinuses.
TRUE
Which center is located in the pons?
pontine respirator group (PRG) inspiratory center
expiratory center pacemaker neuron center
pontine respirator group (PRG)
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits
between the lungs
allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
helps limit the spread of local infections
Aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits
between the lungs
True or False:
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading
from hemoglobin.
FALSE
True or False:
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
TRUE
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the
sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture"
paraphrases ________.
Henry's law Dalton's law Boyle's law Charles' law
Dalton's law
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
as carbonic acid in the plasma
chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as
carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red
blood cells
as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red
blood cells
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen
binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
number of red blood cells partial pressure of carbon
dioxide partial pressure of oxygen temperature
number of red blood cells
Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of
the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?
Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus.
Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a
mechanism for respiratory exchange.
Respiratory exchanges are not necessary.
Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.