1. A portion of the lamina located between the superior and inferior
process is called the?
Pars interarticularis
2. The superior and inferior vertebral notches join together to form the?
Intervertebral foramina
3. Which radiographic position best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina?
Lateral position
4. The small foramina found in the sacrum are called?
Pelvic sacral foramina
5. The anterior and superior aspect of the sacrum that forms the
posterior wall of the pelvic inlet is called the?
promontory
6. What is another name for the sacral horns?
cornua
7. The sacroiliac joints lie at an oblique angle of? to the coronal plane
30 degrees
8. What is the formal term for the tail bone?
coccyx
9. What is the name for the superior broad aspect of the coccyx?
base
10. Classification, mobility, and movement type for Zygapopseal joint?
synovial, dIarthroidal, plane, or gliding
11. Classification, mobility, and movement type for Intervertebral Joints
cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial, no movement
12. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with
the LPO position
Left zygapophyseal joints
13. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with
the RAO position
Left zygapophyseal joints
14. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with
the Lateral position
Intervertebral foramina
15. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with
the RPO position
Right zygapophyseal joints
16. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with
the LAO position
Right zygapophyseal joints
17. The degree of obliquity required for an oblique projection at the
T12- L1 level is approximately
50 degrees
18 The L5-S1 level spine requires a ___ degree oblique
30 degrees
19. A ___ oblique is performed for the general lumbar spine.
45 degrees
20. ASIS is at what vertebral level
S1-S2
21. Xiphoid process is at what vertebral level
T9-T10
22. Lower costal margin is at what vertebral level
L2-L3
23. Iliac crest is at what vertebral level
L4-L5
24. Symphysis pubis is at what vertebral level
Tip of coccyx
25. True or False: The use of higher kV and lower mA seconds for a
lumbar spine improves contrast but increases patient dose?
FALSE
26. True or False: Placing a lead blocker mat behind the patient for
a lateral spine position improves image quality?
TRUE
27. True or False: Gonadal shielding should always be used for male
and female patients for studies of the lumbar, sacrum and coccyx.
FALSE
28. True or False: The anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar
spine opens the intervertebral joint spaces better than the PA projection.
FALSE
29. True or False: The knees and hips should be extended for an AP
projection of the lumbar spine.
FALSE
30. True or False: An increased SID of 44 or 46 reduces distortion of
spine anatomy.
TRUE
31. True or False: The lead blocker mat and close collimation must
not be used when performing digital imaging or the lumbar spine.
FALSE
32. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological
features of osteoporosis
Bone densitometry
33. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological
features of soft tissues of lumbar spine
MRI
34. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological
features of structures within the subarachnoid space
MRI
35. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological
features of Inflammatory condition such as pagets disease
Nuclear Medicine
36. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological
features of compression fractures of the lumbar spine
CT
37. Lateral curvature of the vertebral column
scoliosis
38. Fracture of the vertebral body caused by hyperflexion force
Chance Fracture
39. Congenital defect in which the posterior elements of the
vertebral fail to unite.
Spina bifida
40. Most common at the L4-L5 level and may result in sciatica
Herniated nucleus pulposus
41. Forward displacement of one vertebra onto another vertebra
Spondylolisthesis
42. Inflammatory condition that is most common in males in their thirties
Ankylosing spondylitis
43. Dissolution and separation of the pars interarticularis
Spondylolysis
44. A type of fracture that rarely causes neurologic deficits
Compression fracture
45. CR is centered at the level of ____ for an AP and lateral lumbar
spine projections
Illiac crest
46. What two structures can be evaluated to determine whether
rotation is present on a radiograph of an AP projection of the lumbar spine?
Sacroiliac joints and Spinous process
47. How much rotation is required to properly visualize the
zygapophyseal joints at L5-S1?
30 degrees
48. What set of zygapophyseal joints is demonstrated with an LAO position?
Right (upside)
49. The _______ which is the eye of the "scottie dog"
should be near the center of the vertebral body on a correctly
obliqued lumbar spine?
Pedicle
50. Which positioning error has been committed if the "eye of
the scottie dog" are projected too far posterior with a 45
oblique position of the lumbar spine
excessive rotation
51. Which position or projection of the lumbar spine series best
demonstrates a possible compression fracture?
Lateral
52. A patient with a wide pelvis and narrow thorax may require a CR
angle of ___ with caudad or cephalad for a lateral position of the
lumbar spine
5 to 8 degress caudad
53. How should the spine of a patient with scoliosis be positioned
for a lateral position of the lumbar spine
With the sag or convexity of the spine closest to the IR
54. Why should the knees and hips be flexed for an AP lumbar spine projection?
Reduces lumbar curvature, which opens the intervertebral disk space
55. True or False: the female ovarian dose used for a PA lumbar spine
projection is approximately 30 percent less than the dose from an AP projection
TRUE
56. Where is the CR centered for a lateral L5-S1 projection of the
lumbar spine
1 1/2 inches inferior to the iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS
57. What amount of CR angle is required for an AP axial L5-S1
projection on a male patient.
30 degrees cephalad
58. True or False: PA or AP projection for a scoliosis series
frequently includes one erect and one recumbent position for comparison.
Ture
59. True or False: A PA projection for a scoliosis series produces
only about 1/10 the dose to the breasts as compared with the AP
projection, even if proper collimation is used.
TRUE
60. Which techniques or devices produce a more uniform density along
the vertebral column for an AP/PA scoliosis projection.
Compensation filter
61. Which side of the spine should be elevated for the second
exposure for the AP/PA projection scoliosis series (by having patient
stand on a block with one foot.
The convex side of the spine
62. During the AP (PA) right and left bending projections of the
lumbar spine, the ___ must remain stationary during positioning.
Pelvis
63. Which projections should be taken to evaluate flexibility
following spinal fusion surgery?
Hyperextension and hyperflexion projections
64. How much CR angle is required for an AP projection of the sacrum
for a typical male patient?
15 degrees cephalad
65. If a patient can not lie on his back for the AP sacrum because it
is too painful, what alternative projection can be taken to achieve a
similar view of the sacrum?
A PA with 15 degrees Caudad CR angle
66. Where is the CR for an AP projection of the coccyx.
2 inches superior to the pubis symphysis
67. True or False: The AP projection of the sacrum and coccyx can be
taken as one single projection to decrease gonadal dose.
FALSE
68. Patients should be asked to empty the urinary bladder before
performing which projection fo the vertebral column?
AP of sacrum and coccyx
69. In addition to good collimation, what should be done to minimize
overall "fogging" on a lateral lumbar spine or lateral
sacrum and coccyx radiograph
Place led blocker table top behind patient
70. Which SI joint is visualized with an RPO position
Left
71. How much rotation of the body is required for oblique position of
SI joints
25 to 30 degrees
72. What type of CR angle is recommended of the AP axial projection
of the SI joints on a female patient
35 cephalad
73. Where is the CR centered for an oblique projection of the SI joints.
1 inch medial from upside ASIS joint
74. A radiograph of an AP projection of the lumbar spine reveals that
the spinous processes are not midline to the vertebral column and
distortion of the vertebral bodies is present. Which positioning error
is present on this radiograph
rotation of the spine
75. A radiograph of an LPO projection of the lumbar spine reveals
that the downside pedicles and zygapophyseal joints are projected over
the anterior portion of the vertebral bodies. Which positioning error
is present on this radiograph
Insufficient rotation of the spine
76. A radiograph of a lateral projection of a female lumbar spine
reveals that the mid- to lower intervertebral joint spaces are not
open. The technologist supported the midsection of the spine with
sponges to straighten the spine. What else can be done to open the
joint spaces during the repeat exposure?
If the patient has a wide pelvis, CR can be angled 5 to 8 degrees caudad
77. A radiograph of a lateral L5-S1 projection reveals that the joint
space is not open. The technologist did support the middle aspect of
the spine with a sponge. What else can the technologist do to open up
the joint space during the repeated exposure?
Place additional support beneath the spine, or use a 5 to 8 degree
caudad angle
78. A radiograph of an AP axial coccyx reveals that the distal tip is
superimposed over the symphysis pubis. What must the technologist do
to eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure
Increase CR angle is required to separate the coccyx from the
symphysis pubis.
79 . A radiograph of an oblique position of the lumbar spine reveals
that the downside pedicle and zygapophyseal joint are posterior in
relation to the vertebral body. what modification of the position must
be made during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic image
Decrease rotation of the body and spine.
80. A patient comes to the radiology department for a follow-up study
for a comparison fracture of L3. The radiologist requests that the
collimated projections be taken of L3. Which specific projections and
centering would provide a quality study of L3 and the intervertebral
joint spaces.
AP or PA and collimated lateral projections would provide the best
view. The CR should be about 2 inches above iliac crest.
81. A patient with injury to the coccyx enters the ER. When
attempting the AP projection, the patient complains that it is too
uncomfortable to lie on his back. He is unable to stand. What other
options are available to complete the study?
Perform PA rather than an AP projection and reverse the direction of
the CR from caudad to cephalad.
82. A patient with a clinical history of spondylolisthesis at the
L5-S1 level comes to the radiology department. Which specific lumbar
spine position is most diagnostic in demonstrating the extent of this condition?
A lateral postion would demonstrate the degree of forward displacement.
83. A positioning series for SI joints is performed on a patient. The
resultant radiographs do not demonstrate the inferior portion of the
joints. What can be done during the repeat exposure to demonstrate
this aspect of the SI joints
The CR should be angled 15 to 20 cephalad.
84. A patient comes into the radiology department for a lumbar spine
series. He has a clinical history of advanced spondylolysis. Which
specific projection of the lumbar spine series will best demonstrate
this condition
Although AP and lateral projections of the lumbar spine are helpful,
posterior or anterior oblique positions best demonstrate advanced
signs pf spondylolysis
85. A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical
history of HNP, Which of the following imaging modalities provide the
most diagnostic study for this condition?
MRI
86. A patient comes to the radiology department for a lumbar spine
series. She has a clinical history of severe kyphosis. How should the
lumbar spine series be modified for this patient?
Routine lumbar spine projections should be performed erect.