All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________.
neural tube
The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the
cortex, white matter, basal nuclei
Choose the true statement regarding pyramidal cells.
They allow us to control our skeletal muscles.
What is the main role of the olfactory cortex?
detection of odors
Spatial discrimination is the ability to identify the specific region
of the body being stimulated.
TRUE
Which of the following best describes the multimodal association cortex?
It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous
experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take.
__________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere
has unique abilities NOT shared by its partner.
Lateralization
__________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas
and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers.
The cerebral white matter
Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon?
perithalamus
Which of the following regulates body temperature, food intake, and
endocrine functions?
hypothalamus
What makes up the brain stem
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of
the brain?
medulla oblongata
People with __________ lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state.
narcolepsy
Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering?
arachnoid mater
Which of the following protects the brain from bloodborne metabolic
wastes and most drugs?
blood brain barrier
Which of the following is a progressive degenerative disease of the
brain that ultimately results in dementia?
Alzheimer's disease
Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons.
Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord.
Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of
ventral horn motor neurons?
poliomyelitis
Cerebral palsy may be caused by a temporary lack of oxygen during birth.
TRUE
Anencephaly is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral
arches and can be caused by inadequate folic acid in the maternal diet
FALSE
Which of the following are located in the lateral horns of the spinal
cord gray matter?
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
Transection (cross sectioning) of the spinal cord at T3
results in __________.
paraplegia
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the peripheral
nervous system (PNS)?
brain
Proprioceptors advise the brain of __________.
body movements
Simple receptors that are particularly abundant in epithelia and
connective tissue tend to __________.
have nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings
Which of the following have nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings?
hair follicle receptors
The final level of neural integration in the somatosensory system is
the __________ level.
perceptual
Fast-adapting receptors are called __________.
phasic receptors
Most nerves are able to transmit impulses both to and from
the central nervous system.
TRUE
Most central nervous system axons are able to regenerate following injury.
FALSE
A nerve that carries autonomic signals away from the central nervous
system is classified as a __________.
visceral efferent
Which of the following statements about cranial nerves is FALSE?
The cranial nerves are limited to the head and neck region.
The first two pairs of cranial nerves attach to the __________.
forebrain
All spinal nerves are mixed nerves.
TRUE
If the phrenic nerve were severed, what would be the most
immediate effect?
Breathing would stop.
The pinching motion (with opposed thumb and forefinger) is highly
dependent upon impulses transmitted by the __________.
median nerve
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the sciatic nerve?
The sciatic nerve is a single nerve.
Levels of motor control
segmental level, projection level, precommand level
Which of the following structures is involved in the projection level
of motor control?
primary motor cortex
In a reflex arc, the __________ transmits afferent impulses to the
central nervous system.
sensory neuron
Choose the true statement.
The flexor reflex is initiated by painful stimuli.
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
to stimulate skeletal muscles
Which of the following is released by all somatic motor neurons at
their synapses and always has an excitatory effect on skeletal muscle?
acetylcholine
For which of the following activities is the sympathetic nervous
system generally responsible?
fight-or-flight responses
The parasympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the �rest
and digest� system.
TRUE
The parasympathetics in the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) are
responsible for which of the following functions?
activating the parotid salivary glands
As the vagus nerves (X) pass into the thorax, they send branches to
the cardiac plexuses to increase heart rate.
FALSE
The sympathetic division is anatomically more complex than the
parasympathetic division.
TRUE
Which of the following is NOT one of the three things that can happen
to a preganglionic axon when it reaches a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
The preganglionic and postganglionic axons can synapse in the sacral region.
__________ and __________ are the major neurotransmitters released by
autonomic nervous system neurons.
Acetylcholine; norepinephrine
Norepinephrine and epinephrine can have either excitatory or
inhibitory effects on target organs.
TRUE
Why do doctors sometimes prescribe drugs called �sympatholytic
agents� to treat hypertension?
They decrease sympathetic activity by blocking adrenergic receptors,
which results in blood vessel dilation.
Although sympathetic nerve impulses act only briefly, they provoke
hormonal effects that last much longer.
TRUE
In general, the __________ is the integrative center at the top of
the autonomic-nervous-system control hierarchy.
hypothalamus
Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.
TRUE
Blood �shunting� helps maintain circulation to vital organs during
circulatory shock.
TRUE
Choose the true statement about the cornea.
The cornea lacks blood vessels.
The __________ is NOT a part of the vascular layer of the eye.
Sclera
The __________ dilate the pupils of the eyes.
dilator pupillae (radial muscles)
Dim light and peripheral vision receptors are called __________.
Rods
Aqueous humor supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea.
TRUE
Which of the following shows the correct order of light transmission
from the air to the retina?
air, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina
Adjustment to low-light conditions is primarily facilitated by
changes in __________ concentration.
rhodopsin
Olfactory sensory neurons undergo noticeable turnover throughout
adult life.
TRUE
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
Roof of nasal cavity
Which of the following is/are a part of the external ear?
Auricle
Place the following events in the order in which they occur during
sound transmission.
Tympanic membrane vibrates. Internal ear fluids are
set in motion. Hearing receptors are stimulated.
Ossicles of the ear vibrate. Auditory cortex is
stimulated.
1, 4, 2, 3, 5
Which of the following is true of static equilibrium receptors?
Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head.
Information from the balance receptors goes directly to the cerebral cortex.
FALSE
As we age, __________.
the ability to detect high-pitched sounds diminishes
aka lymphatic system
immune system
body cavity that contains the brain
cranial
body cavity that contains the heart and lungs
thoracic
body region that contains the appendix
right iliac
the region under the umbilical
hypogastric
superior to the umbilical region
epigastric
body regions under the costal cartilage
right and left hypochondriac
Lateral to the umbilical region are
Right and left lumbar
toward the back
posterior
toward the front or belly side
ventral
toward the front
anterior
the term that means toward the body surface
superficial
uppermost or above
superior
toward the head
cranial
toward the side
lateral
toward the midline
medial
lowermost or below
inferior
nearest the point of attachment to the torso
proximal
away from the point of attachment at the torso
distal
plane that divides the body into top and bottom
horizontal plane
plane that vertically divides the body in to left and right
sagittal plane
plane that divides the body equally through the midline
midsagittal
frontal plane aka
coronal plane
separates the body from the top and bottom
transverse plane
cuts an organ along its length
longitudinal section
cuts an organ along its width
cross section
what are the five organic groups
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic acid
glycogen
What is the correct organic group for:
monosaccharide
carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
carbohydrate
DNA
nucleic acid
plasma membrane channel
protein
cholesterol
lipid
antibodies
proteins
cellulose
carbohydrate
steroids
lipids
enzymes
proteins
what form are carbohydrates stored in the liver and muscles
glycogen
fats that are considered better for you (such as plant oils)
unsaturated
fats that are solid at room temperature (such as animal fats)
saturated
the universal energy compound used by all cells of the body
ATP
Type of tissue for the following structures/processes:
fascia
cartilage
bone
blood
ligaments
tendons
adipose
connective
Type of tissue for the following structures/processes:
lining of the digestive tract
peritoneum
lining of uretha
adrenal gland
pleura (lining of lungs)
air sacs of lungs
capillaries
pericardium (lining of the heart)
epithelial
Type of tissue for the following structures/processes:
dendrites
conduction system of the heart
reflexes
neurons
sinoatrial node
spinal cord
nervous
Type of tissue for the following structures/processes:
bladder wall
artery wall
peristalsis
heart wall
muscle
involves diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable
membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
osmosis
bottom layer of epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace
superficial cells that are continually rubbed off
stratum basale
layer of skin that insulates deeper tissues from extreme temperature
changes that occur outside the body
subcutaneous
lining cavities that open to the exterior including the stomach
mucous membranes (where are they found)
serous, mucous, cutaneous
categories of epithelial tissue
visceral and parietal pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
serous membranes
bluish skin color due to lack of oxygen
cyanosis
aka a bruise
hematoma
hyaline cartilage that covers bone ends and provides a smooth surface
that decreases friction in joints
articular cartilage
process of the ulna that forms the "elbow
olecranon
lateral lower arm
radius
medial lower arm
ulna
ribs
Costae
vertebral column regions
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
socket head of the femur
acetabulum
medial lower leg
tibia
lateral lower leg
fibula
heel
calcaneous
connect bone to bone
ligaments
connect muscle to bone
tendon
called striated muscle, attach to skeleton, voluntary
skeletal muscle tissue
called visceral muscle, found in the walls of hollow organs, involuntary
smooth muscle
found only in the heart, striated, involuntary, slow rhythmic contractions
cardiac muscle
where muscle attaches to less moveable bone
origin
muscle attachment to the moveable bone
insertion
decrease angle, bending
flexion
increase angle, strengthening
extension
movement around longitudinal axis
rotation
moving limb away from the midline
abduction
moving a limb toward the midline
adduction
moving in a circle, cone-shaped
circumduction
Lifting back of the foot, pointing toes to the ceiling
dorsiflexion
pointing toes downward
plantar flexion
thumb touches tips of other fingers
opposition
rotate laterally, turning palm anteriorly
supination
rotate medially, turning palm posteriorly
pronation
forehead muscles that wrinkle the forehead
frontalis
muscle that closes and protrudes the lips
orbicularis oris
muscle used with whistling and sucking
buccinator
muscle that inserts into the mandible, closes jaw, chewing
massetter
muscle used for smiling
zygomaticus
muscle that originates in the sternum and clav, inserts into the
mastoid process, and rotates the head
sternocleidomastoid
pouting muscle, drags corners of the mouth downward
platysma
muscle that adducts humerus, across chest
pectoralis major
muscle used for setups
rectus abdominis
muscles that raise the and lower the rib cage when breathing
intercostals
muscles of the upper back
trapezius
lower back muscle, called the "swimmer's muscle
latissimus dorsi
buttock muscle that inserts into the femur ,extends hip
gluteus maximus
anterior muscle of the upper arm that flexes the forearm
biceps brachii
posterior muscles of the upper arm that extends forearm
triceps brachii
cap of the shoulder muscle that abducts the arm
deltoid
posterior muscles of the thigh that flex the knee
hamstrings
anterior though muscles that extend the knee
quadriceps
calf muscle, plantar flexes the foot
gastrocnemius
CNS consists of
brain and the spinal cord
PNS consists of
cranial and spinal nerves
voluntary nervous system, skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
involuntary nervous system, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
autonomic nervous system
stress; flight or fight
sympathetic nervous system
relax; rest and digest
parasympathetic nervous system
nerve cell that conducts impulses
nueron
chemicals released into the gaps between neurons
neurotransmitters
gap between neurons
synapse
fatty, white axon covering, insulates to speed transmission
myelin
gaps in myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
lobes of the brain
frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
outermost cerebrum
cerebral cortex
part of the brain that regulates body temp, thirst, metabolism.
pleasure centers, regulates pituitary gland (endocrine system)
hypothalamus