Define joints
sites where 2 or more bones meet
Name the functions of joints
hold skeleton together give skeleton mobility
How are joints classified?
fibrous joint cartilaginous joint synovial
joint
Fibrous joint
joined by fibrous tissues and ligaments, no cavity present; so
slightly movable.
sutures (e.g. cranial bones)
syndesmoses (tibia and fubula, radius and ulna)
gomphoses (peg in socket joints of teeth and alveolar sockets)
Cartiloginous joints
united by cartilages; no cavity, movable; e.g. pubic symphysis
synchordoses (ribs and sternum, costal cartilage)
Synovial joint
there is cavity, bones are separated by fluid= synovial fluid freely
movable; i.e. shoulder joint, hip joint)
Synarthroses
immovable
Amphiarthroses
slightly moveable
Diarthroses
freely movable
Features of Synovial Joints
all are diarthrotic include all limb joints and most
joints of the body posse articular cartilage (hyaline)
joint or articular cavity (potential space) articular
capsule (synovial membrane) synovial fluid (white viscous
fluid from plasma and hyaluronic acid) reinforcing
ligaments (capsular, extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments)
nerves and blood vessels (sensory nerves, nourishes)
Factors that influence Synovial joint
articular surfaces (shapes: shallow socket) ligaments:
unite bone prevent excessive and undesirable motion) muscle
tone: keeps low levels contractile, kept taut at all time, ready to
react to stimulation
Types of mucle attachments of Synovial Joints
muscle origin (attatchment to the immovable bone)
insertion (attachment to the movable bone) movement
(muscles move from the insertion point to toward the ine origin
during contraction)
Types of Movements of Synovial joints
gliding movements angular movements: increases and
decreases the angle btw 2 bones: include- flexion, extension,
hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
rotation movements special movements such as supination
and pronation; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion; inversion and
eversion; protraction and retraction; elevation and depression; and
opposition
Supination and pronation
turning backward and turning forward (i.w. radius around the ulna)
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
up and down movement of foot at ankle
inversion and eversion
sole moves medially or laterally
protraction and retraction
anterior and posterior movement at transverse plane
elevation and depression
lifting a body part superiorly or moving inferiorly.
I.E- superior- shrugging shoulder (scapulae) and inferior (mandible
movement when chewing gum
Opposition (movement)
touch thumb to the finger tips of the other finger
6 types of synovial joints based on shape of articular srufaces
Plane (intercarpal joints)- nonaxial joints, flat articular
surfaces & short gliding movements Hinge (elbow
joints): uniaxial joints, motion along a single plane & flexion
and extension only Pivot (round end fits to a ring;
proximal radius joint): rounded end of one bone conforms to a
"sleeve" or ring of another bone & uniaxial movement
only Condyloid (metacarpal joints): biaxial joints, both
articular surfaces are oval and permit all angular movements
Saddle (carpal-metacarpal joint of thumb): biaxial, allow
greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints. Each articular
surface has both concave and convex areas Ball and socket
(shoulder point): multiaxial joints, the most freely moving synovial
joints
Plane (intercarpal joints)
#NAME?
Hinge (elbow joints)
uniaxial joints, motion along a single plane & flexion and
extension only
Pivot
(round end fits to a ring; proximal radius joint): rounded end of one
bone conforms to a "sleeve" or ring of another bone &
uniaxial movement only
Condyloid
(metacarpal joints): biaxial joints, both articular surfaces are oval
and permit all angular movements
Saddle
(carpal-metacarpal joint of thumb): biaxial, allow greater freedom of
movement than condyloid joints. Each articular surface has both
concave and convex areas
Ball and socket
(shoulder point): multiaxial joints, the most freely moving synovial joints
Joints that surround the knee joing
single joint cavity: femoro-patella, lateral and medial tibiofemoral
and minisci of the tibi
Glenohumeral joint
shoulder joint
ball and socket joint- head of humerus an glenoid fossa of the scapula
stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement
Elbow joint
radius and ulna articulate w/the humerus, hinge joint formed mainly
by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus. Flexion and
extension only.
Coxal joint
hip joint. ball and socket joint. Head of the femur articulates w/the
acetabulum. Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket.
Acetabular labrum- enhances depth of socket
Temporomendibular joint
mandibular condyle articulates w/the temporal bone.
2 types of movement- hinge- depression and elevation of mandible
and gliding- side to side (i.e.- grinding teeth)
Common joint injuries
sprain cartilage tears dislocations
subluxation