The site for sperm production is the ______
Testes
The flow of sperm from the seminiferous tubules through the external
urethral opening is ______
Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testes, efferent
ductules, epididymus
The seminiferous tubules are also the site of production of the
hormone ______
testosterone
_____ is a network of testicular veins that surround the testicular
artery to absorb heat from the blood.
Pampiniform venous plexus
The _______ encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that
supply testes.
Spermatic Cord
____________ - surrounds urethra and expands to form
glans and bulb
corpus spongiosum
___________ - paired dorsal erectile bodies
corpora cavernosa
During a vasectomy the _________ is cut and ligated.
Vas deferens
The _______ gland produces an alkaline seminal fluid contains the
sugar ________ and is 70% of the total volume of the semen
Seminal, fructose
The gland that is the size of a peach pit that secretes a milky
acidic fluid that contain PSA (prostate specific antigen)
Prostate gland
________ is an age related enlargement of the prostate.
benign prostatic hyperplasia
The pea sized gland that produce a clear mucus during sexual arousal
to lubricate the glans penis and neutralize the urine is the ______.
Bulbo-urethral glands
Semen-_________ ml produced, contains _______ sperm/ml
2-5 ml, 20-150 million
Is semen acidic or alkaline?
Alkaline
Semen contains _____ to decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix and
stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus.
prostaglandins
The muscles that undergo a series of reactions during ejaculation to
expel the semen from the uterus are the _______ muscles.
bulbospongiosus
Ejaculation is a _____ spinal reflex.
sympathetic
Erectile dysfunction is due to the __________ nerves releasing too
little of the neurotransmitter
___________
parasympathetic, norepinephrine
The functions of meiosis are:
1. half the number of chromosomes
2. introduce genetic diversity
The variability of gametes is due to:
1. random alignment of homologous pairs
2. crossover
Crossing over or genetic recombination occurs in what stage of Meiosis?
Prophase I
Mitosis of spermatogenic cells gives rise to 2 _______
spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes give rise to ________ which give rise to ______.
two secondary spermatocytes, two spermatids
Testosterone is synthesized from ___________
cholesterole
The ovary has 2 regions:
cortex and medulla
Gametes are housed in the ___________ (ovary)
cortex
________________ conists of a single layer of follicle cells + and oocyte
primordial follicle
A fully mature follicle is called a ___________ follicle and contains
a fluid-filled __________.
Vesicular (antral or tertiary) follicle, antrum
This follicle bulges from the surface of the ovary
vesicular (antral or tertiary) follicle
After ovulation, a __________ develops from the ruptured follicle.
corpus luteum
An _______ is a condition where a fertilized egg develops outside of
the uterus either in the fallopian tube or peritoneal cavity
Ectopic pregnancy
________ is an infection that has spread from the reproductive tract
to the peritoneal cavity.
Pelvic inflammatory disease
The most common cause of cervical cancer is ________
human papillomavirus (HPV)
The ligament that binds the uterus to the body wall is called the _______
round ligaments
______ develops from the ovary after ovulation.
corpus luteum
The distal expansion of the uterine tube has ciliated ______ to move
the oocyte into the uterine tube.
fimbriae
The mucosal lining of the uterus is called the ___________
endometrium
The smooth muscle layer of the uterus is called the _______
myometrium
The ________ of the endometrium is shed during menstruation
stratum functionalis
___________ of the endometrium forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation.
stratum basalis
Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called
________ � ruptures with intercourse
hymen
_____________ - fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
mons pubis
_______ - hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Counterpart of male scrotum
labia majora
_____________ - skin folds lying within labia majora
labia minora
The ____________ is the female counterpart to the males penis.
clitoris
The glands that are homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands in the
male and release mucous into the vestibule for lubrication are called
the ________________
Bartholin's glands - greater vestibular glands
Risk factors for breast cancer include:
Early onset of menstruation and late menopause
no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
no or short periods of breast feeding
family history of breast cancer
The production of eggs in the female is called ______
Oogenesis
Oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiply by ____ and store _____
mitosis, nutrients
Primary oocytes develop in _______
primordial follicles
primary oocytes begin meiosis and stall in ______
prophase I
_____________ phase is the period of follicle growth. It occurs on days_______________.
follicular phase, 1-14
____________ phase is the period of corpus luteum activity
luteal phase (days 14-28)
Only ____% of women have a 28 day cycle.
15-Oct
What is the luteal phase constant?
always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle
If more than one secondary oocyte is released and fertilized, it
results in ____________ twins
fraternal
If one secondary oocyte is released and fertilized and then divides
into 2 daughter cells it results in ___________ twins.
identical
If pregnancy does not occur then the corpus luteum forms a scar on
the ovary called the _________.
corpus albicans
The most abundant cation in the filtrate is___________
Na+
Transport of sodium forms a gradient which causes __________ to be
co-transported with sodium.
organic nutrients
Movement of Na+ and other solutes creates osmotic gradient
for __________.
water
Water reabsorbed by osmosis, aided by water-filled pores called ___________
aquaporins
What is the Tmax of the kidneys for glucose?
375 mg/min
What happens if this Tmax is exceded?
excess will excreted in the urine
What is the site of the most reabsorption in the kidney?
What is reabsorbed here?
proximal convoluted tubule
all nutrients- glucose and amino acids, 65% of Na+ and water,
majority of actively transported ions, about all uric acid
The nephron loop of the kidney is also called the ____________
Loop of Henle
The descending limb is freely permeable to ________
water
The ascending limb is impermeable to ___________ but it permeable to ____________.
water, ions
What is the effect of the following hormones on the distal convoluted tubule:
ADH:
Aldosterone:
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):
Parathyroid hormone:
ADH: increases water reabsorption
Aldosterone: increase blood pressure, decrease K+ levels
ANP: Reduces blood N+, decreased blood volume and blood pressure,
antagonized aldosterone
parathyroid hormone: secretes H+
Where does most of the tubular secretion occur in the kidney?
proximal convoluted tubule
Kidneys maintain the osmolality of the blood plasma at ________ mOsm
~300
Kidneys regulate this using a __________ mechanism
countercurrent
Where does the countercurrent mechanism occur?
loop of henle (nephron loop)
Where is the filtrate the most concentrated?
base of loop
What is the effect of the following on the related to secretion and
inhibition of ADH:
a. overhydration
b. dehydration
a. ADH decreased; urine ~ 100 mOsm
b. ADH released; urine ~ 1200 mOsm
What is the renal clearance of a substance?
Volume of plasma kidney clear of particular substance in given time.
C = UV/P
Given a value for the renal clearance of a particular substance,
indicate whether the substance is filtered, secreted, reabsorbed.
C < 125 ml/min - reabsorbed
C = 0 - substance completely reabsorbed
C = 125 ml/min - no net reabsorption
C > 125 ml/min - substance secreted
What are the characteristics of normal urine?
Clear or yellow from urochrome, slightly aromatic when fresh,
slightly acidic (~pH 6 with range of 4.5 to 8)
Kidney stones are called __________
Renal calculi
What are some factors that contribute to the formation of kidney stones?
chronic bacterial infection, urine retention, increased Ca+2 in
blood, increased pH of urine
The _________is a smooth triangular area outlined by openings for
________and _______. Infections tend to persist in this region
trigone, ureters, urethra
The urethra has 2 sphincters.
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
Internal urethral sphincter consists of _________
muscle and is ________. (voluntary or involuntary?) The sphincter
contracts to open
smooth, involuntary
The External urethral sphincter consists of
__________ muscle and is (voluntary or involuntary?)
skeletal, voluntary
__________ occurs from usually from weakened pelvic muscles and
causes one to not be able to hold their urine.
Incontinence
_________ occurs after anesthesia or with prostate enlargement and
causing the bladder to be unable to expel urine.
Urinary retention
Congenital kidney disorders: _______________ occurs when two kidneys
fuse across midline -> single U-shaped kidney and is usually asymptomatic.
horseshoe kidney
____________ occurs when the urethral
orifice on ventral surface of penis and can be surgically corrected.
Hypospadias
__________________ occurs when many fluid filled cysts fill the kidney.
Polycystic kidney disease
What is internal respiration?
exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue fluid
What is external respiration?
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
What are the functions of the nose in the respiratory system?
provides an airway for respiration, moistens and warms up entering
air, filters and cleans inspired air, serves as resonating chamber for
speech, houses olfactory receptors
What is the function of the vibrissae?
filter coarse particles from inspired air
What are the functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae?
filter, head and moisten air during inhalation
reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation
The four locations of the paranasal sinuses are:
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
Functions of paranasal sinuses:
lighten skull, secrete mucus, help to warm and moisten air
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is called _______
Rhinitis
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located in _________
nasopharynx
the pharyngotympanic or auditory tubes open into the _______
naropharynx
The type of tissue lining the pharynx is ____________
...
The larynx attaches to the _____ bone
hyoid bone
Functions of the larynx include:
provides patent airway, routes air and food into proper channels,
voice production
There are 9 cartilages that make up the larynx. All of them except
the epiglottis consist of __________ Cartilage
hyaline
The epiglottis consists of _______________ cartilage
elastic
The opening between the vocal folds is called the _______
glottis
The false vocal cords are called the _______ and they play no part in
sound production. Instead they ________.
vestibular folds, help to close the glottis during swallowing
The Adam�s apple consists of __________ cartilage and it�s __________.
thyroid, laryngeal prominence
The ring shaped cartilage of the Larynx is called the ______ cartilage
tracheal
What are the functions of the epiglottis?
covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing, covered in taste
bud-containing mucosa
The trachea is lined with _____________ that has _____________ cells
to produce mucus.
musoca, goblet
The ______________ muscle in the trachea contracts to produce a cough.
trachealis
The last tracheal cartilage is expanded and is the point where the
trachea branches into 2 main bronchi. It is called the ____________.
Carina
The trachea branches into right and left _____________ at the carina.
primary bronchi
Each bronchus then branches into ___________ bronchi
Lobar or secondary
There are ____ on the right and _______ on the left.
3, 2
Each lobar bronchi branches into__________ bronchi and the branches
become smaller and smaller and terminate in _______________
segmental or tertiary, bronchioles
The smallest bronchioles are called __________________ bronchioles.
terminal
Alveolar sacs contain clusters of ________________
alveoli
~_________________million alveoli make up most of lung volume
Sites of ________________________
300
gas exchange
What changes occur in the respiratory tree as it progresses from
bronchi to bronchioles?
They get smaller
The right lung consists of ____lobes and the left lung consists of _______lobes
3, 2
The alveolar walls consist of ___________ epithelium and contain
____________ cells
that secrete ________________ and ________ proteins
single layer of squamous epithelium, type II alveolar cells,
surfactant and antimicrobial
__________ connect adjacent alveoli to equalize the pressure
throughout the lung.
alveolar pores
__________ keep the alveolar surfaces sterile
alveolar macrophages
The _________ deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The
__________ deliver oxygenated blood to the heart to be delivered to
the body�s tissues
pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins
The ___________ pleurae line the thoracic wall, superior face of
diaphragm, around heart, between lungs.
Parietal pleura
The ________ pleurae are on external lung surface
visceral pleura
___________ (ip) is the pressure in the alveoli. It always equalizes
with atmospheric pressure.
intrapulmonary pressure
______ (Pip) is the pressure in the pleural cavity. It fluctuates
with breathing.
intrapleural pressure
intrapleural pressure
it is always a _______ pressure.
If fluid accumulates the Pip becomes positive and the lungs ___________
negative
collapse
The ________ keeps the airways open
transpulmonary pressure
If Pip = Ppul or Patm -> ___________
lungs collapse
Lung collapse is called_______ and is due to blockage of the bronchioles
atelectasis
________ is due to air in the pleural cavity due to a wound in either
the parietal or visceral pleura.
pneumothorax
Boyle�s Law states that P1V1 =
P2V2. This means that if the
container size is reduced pressure __________.
increases
During inspiration the _________ and _________ muscles contract. This
causes the thoracic cavity volume to __________ and the pressure in
the cavity to _________
diaphragm and external intercostals
increase
drop
Air enters the lungs until______ equals ______.
Ppul = Patm
During expiration Air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient
until ______
Ppul = 0
As airway resistance increases, air flow _______
decreases (breathing movements become more strenuous)
As surface tension _________, airway flow decreases.
increases
To decrease surface tension at the site of gas exchange in the lungs,
the lungs produce ____________
surfactant
An insufficient quantity of surfactant in infants causes _____________
infant respiratory distress syndrome
The instrument for measuring respiratory volumes and capacities is
the _______________
spirometer
a spirometer can assist in distinguishing between _________ and
________ disorders.
obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive disorders
_________ total amount of gas flow into or out of respiratory tract
in one minute
minute ventilations
minute ventilation
Normal at rest = _____________ L/min
Normal with exercise = up to_____________ L/min
estimate of respiratory efficiency
~ 6
200
Dead space is fairly constant at _____ml
~150
Rapid, shallow breathing _________ AVR
decreases
Embryo - from fertilization through week _____
8
Fetus - from week ___ through birth
9
Oocyte viable for ______ hours
24-Dec
Sperm viable _____ hours after ejaculation
24-48
For fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than _______
days before ovulation or _______ hours after ovulation
2, 24
Sperm must be ______ before they can penetrate oocyte
capacitated
Sperm must breach 2 oocyte coverings:
corona radiata and zona pellucida
Sperm weaves through corona radiata, then binds to zona pellucida and
undergoes __
__________ which releases enzymes to digest holes in
zona pellucida
acrosomal reaction
How long does it take a fertilized egg to reach the uterus?
4-5 days
In the blastocyst, the trophoblast cells participate in __________
and the __________ becomes the embryo.
placenta formation, inner cell mass
Implantation occurs at _________ days after ovulation.
07-Jun
Implantation completed by _________ day after ovulation
12th
Corpus luteum maintained by hormone _______________ (hCG)
human chorionic gonadotropin
hCG
Secreted by __________ cells
trophoblast
hCG
Prompts corpus luteum to continue secretion of _______ and ______
progesterone and estrogen
hCG
Promotes __________ development
placental
hCG levels rise until end of _____ month, then decline as placenta
begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen
2nd
The fetal portion of the placenta is called the ___________.
chorionic villi
How many chromosomes in each human body cell/somatic cell?
46
How many chromosomes in a human sex cell (sperm or egg)
23
What is the genetic material in the nucleus of a cell called?
DNA
How many egg cells in the human ovary?
1/4 milion
How many chromosomes in the human egg cell
23
When the follicle ruptures and the egg cell is released, what is this
process called?
ovulation
Where does the egg go after ovulation?
fallopian tube
How small a human egg cell
grain of sand
Once it is in the fallopian tube, what moves the egg down toward the uterus?
muscle contractions
How wide is the fallopian tube/oviduct
twice thickness of human hair
How long does it take the egg to travel 5 inches down the fallopian tube?
3-4 days
How long will the egg live in the fallopian tube after ovulation?
24 hours
What happens to the egg if it is not fertilized?
egg disintegrates
Name the 2 female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone
Name the male sex hormone
testosterone
When can we tell whether the fetus is male or female
7 weeks
Where are sperm formed
testes
What is the function of the Cowper�s gland
produces lubricating fluid to move sperm
What is the function of the prostate
secretes an alkaline fluid to protect sperm
What do the seminal vesicles produce
release sugar to nourish sperm
Through what tube do the sperm leave the male�s body
urethra
What keeps the urine in the bladder from entering the urethra during intercourse
bowel muscle / the valve
What is the total length of the seminiferous tubules?
700 feet
How many sperm are produced /day
100 million
Why must the testes be outside the body?
to be below normal body temp to keep sperm alive
What do we call the pouch that houses/contains the testicles
scrotum
How many chromosomes are in the head of a human sperm cell?
23
What cells protect & feed the developing sperm cells
nurse cells
How many sperm cells are in the ejaculated semen
200-300 million
How many sperm does the average male produce in his reproductive lifetime
400 billion
How long does it take the sperm to develop and mature
1 month
What happens to the sperm if they are not ejaculated after several weeks?
reabsorbed
Where do sperm develop the ability to swim
epididymus
What structure enables the sperm to swim
flagella
What substance is found on the head of the sperm
enzymes
What do these enzymes do (on head of sperm)
penetrate surface of egg
What percent of the male�s sperm are deformed or defective
20%
Name some things that can be wrong with the sperm
2-3 tails, severed heads, produced too rapidly
List causes of sperm deformity
white blood curpuscles, elevation of temp, stress, smoking
The seminal vesicles release what nourishing substance
fructose
How much semen is ejaculated
1/2 teaspoon
How is semen forced out of the penis
mans muscle contractions
SEMINAL FLUID + SPERM =
semen
What is the pH of the vagina
3.8-4.5
Why is the female vagina acidic
to protect the woman against bacteria and infections
How many sperm die in the vagina
1/4 of them
How long do sperm live inside the body of the female
24-48 hours
What is the mouth/opening of the uterus called?
cervix
What protein does the cervix secrete
musin
What is the function of musin
direct sperm to the egg w/ channels
What are the fallopian tubes/oviducts lined with
cilia
In what direction do the cilia beat & how does this affect the sperm
downward current sperm have to swim against
Two hundred million sperm begin the journey, how many million reach
the egg
50 million
What is the function of the enzymes in the head of the sperm
break through to the egg
How many sperm actually fertilize the egg
1
Where does fertilization take place
fallopian tube
What keeps the other sperm from fertilizing the egg once 1 sperm has penetrated
a rapid biochemical change in the outer protective portion of the egg
What happens to the tail of the sperm once it penetrates the egg
it falls off
What happens to the head of the sperm once it is inside the egg
it swells and breaks open releasing it's DNA
When does the fertilized egg begin to divide
within 24 hours
Once the egg is fertilized & begins to divide what is it called
zygote
After 5 days, what is the fertilized egg called
blastocyst
When does the blastocyst implant in the uterus
10 days after fertilization
What feeds the blastocyst
lining of uterus/placenta