Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 26 Flashcards

1) Dissociate in water.
A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Extracellular
C) Interstitial
D) Electrolytes
E) Intracellular

D) Electrolytes

2) Do not dissociate.
A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Extracellular
C) Interstitial
D) Electrolytes
E) Intracellular

A) Nonelectrolytes

3) The fluid compartments outside the cell.
A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Extracellular
C) Interstitial
D) Electrolytes
E) Intracellular

B) Extracellular

4) Fluid compartments located within the cell.
A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Extracellular
C) Interstitial
D) Electrolytes
E) Intracellular

E) Intracellular

5) Spaces between cells.
A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Extracellular
C) Interstitial
D) Electrolytes
E) Intracellular

C) Interstitial

6) Magnesium excess.
A) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypernatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia

E) Hypermagnesemia

7) Calcium depletion.
A) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypernatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia

A) Hypocalcemia

8) Sodium excess.
A) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypernatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia

D) Hypernatremia

9) Potassium excess.
A) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypernatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia

C) Hyperkalemia

10) Sodium depletion.
A) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypernatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia

B) Hyponatremia

11) An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
A) Hypoproteinemia
B) Addison's disease
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia

C) Edema

12) A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting
in tissue edema.
A) Hypoproteinemia
B) Addison's disease
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia

A) Hypoproteinemia

13) A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone
production by the adrenal cortex.
A) Hypoproteinemia
B) Addison's disease
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia

B) Addison's disease

14) Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.
A) Hypoproteinemia
B) Addison's disease
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia

D) Aldosterone

15) A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net
osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.
A) Hypoproteinemia
B) Addison's disease
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia

E) Hyponatremia

16) Sodium ions are highest in ________.
A) blood plasma
B) intracellular fluid
C) interstitial fluid

A) blood plasma

17) Potassium ions are highest in
A) blood plasma
B) intracellular fluid
C) interstitial fluid

B) intracellular fluid

18) Phosphate ions are highest in
A) blood plasma
B) intracellular fluid
C) interstitial fluid

B) intracellular fluid

19) Bicarbonate ions are highest in
A) blood plasma
B) intracellular fluid
C) interstitial fluid

C) interstitial fluid

20) Proteins are highest in ________.
A) blood plasma
B) intracellular fluid
C) interstitial fluid

B) intracellular fluid

21) Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus
A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis

D) Metabolic acidosis

22) Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose
A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis

B) Respiratory acidosis

23) Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack
A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis

C) Respiratory alkalosis

24) Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids
A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis

A) Metabolic alkalosis

25) Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the
human body.

FALSE

26) The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

FALSE

27) Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical
reactions of body fluids.

TRUE

28) Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between
compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

FALSE

29) The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

TRUE

30) Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as
diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

TRUE

31) It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water
as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

FALSE

32) Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an
imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

TRUE

33) Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

FALSE

34) Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of
plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.

FALSE

35) Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its
concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of
immediate adjustments in water volume.

TRUE

36) Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the
homeostasis of all body systems.

TRUE

37) When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot
occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

TRUE

38) Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing
potassium secretion.

TRUE

39) Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via
type A intercalated cells.

TRUE

40) Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

FALSE

41) To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

TRUE

42) The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

TRUE

43) Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood
volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and
potassium and water retention.

FALSE

44) Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

TRUE

45) Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can
present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

TRUE

46) Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

FALSE

47) The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are
pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

FALSE

48) Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium
from storage when serum levels are low.

FALSE

49) The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

TRUE

50) Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products
of cellular metabolism.

TRUE

51) Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the
body because they partially dissociate.

TRUE

52) The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for
buffering blood plasma.

TRUE

53) The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate
buffer system.

TRUE

54) One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the
protein buffer system.

TRUE

55) As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from
the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

TRUE

56) Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term
adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

TRUE

57) Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas
exchange is inefficient.

TRUE

58) Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

TRUE

59) Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

FALSE

60) Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood
alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

TRUE

61) The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of
the following ions?
A) calcium ions
B) potassium ions
C) sodium ions
D) hydrogen ions

C) sodium ions

62) The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.
A) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the
extracellular fluid compartment
B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking
extraordinary amounts of water
D) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion

C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking
extraordinary amounts of water

63) Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma
proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.
A) tissue edema
B) nerve damage
C) extreme weight loss
D) confusion

A) tissue edema

64) Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of
sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
A) aldosterone
B) renin
C) antidiuretic hormone
D) erythropoietin

A) aldosterone

65) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria
of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.
A) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and
water retention
B) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
C) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
D) enhance atrial contractions

A) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and
water retention

66) Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
B) a runner has completed a very long marathon
C) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

C) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

67) Total body water is not a function of which of the following?
A) amount of water ingested
B) amount of body fat
C) age
D) body mass

A) amount of water ingested

68) Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in
the body?
A) secretory activity
B) anabolism of lipids
C) neuromuscular activity
D) membrane permeability

B) anabolism of lipids

69) Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium
levels in the body?
A) aldosterone
B) ADH
C) glucocorticoids
D) water levels

A) aldosterone

70) The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.
A) intracellular fluid
B) plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) cerebrospinal fluid

B) plasma

71) Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in
their ECF than do adults.
A) bicarbonate
B) iron
C) sodium
D) magnesium

C) sodium

72) Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most
________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
A) potassium
B) chloride
C) iron
D) bicarbonate

A) potassium

73) Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and
potassium between cells and body fluids?
A) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the
body fluids
B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
D) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

D) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

74) Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are
particularly common in infants because of their ________.
A) low rate of insensible water loss
B) comparatively low metabolic rates
C) low daily rate of fluid exchange
D) inefficient kidneys

D) inefficient kidneys

75) The single most important factor influencing potassium ion
secretion is ________.
A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells
B) the pH of the ICF
C) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
D) intracellular sodium levels

C) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

76) The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.
A) hemoglobin
B) bicarbonate
C) protein
D) phosphate

B) bicarbonate

77) A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon
dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.
A) respiratory alkalosis
B) metabolic alkalosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) respiratory acidosis

D) respiratory acidosis

78) The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.
A) requires active transport
B) requires ATP for the transport to take place
C) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
D) involves filtration

C) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

79) What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by
inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium
ion and water retention?
A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) ADH
C) thyroxine
D) aldosterone

A) atrial natriuretic peptide

80) Which of the following is not a method for regulating the
hydrogen ion concentration in blood?
A) renal mechanism
B) respiratory changes
C) chemical buffer systems
D) diet

D) diet

81) Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?
A) nucleic acid
B) phosphate
C) protein
D) bicarbonate

A) nucleic acid

82) Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular
granular cells to release renin?
A) decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure
B) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration
C) increased extracellular fluid water levels
D) sympathetic stimulation

C) increased extracellular fluid water levels

83) Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?
A) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a
solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
B) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating
fluid shifts in the body.
C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and
therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
D) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.

C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and
therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

84) Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water
conservation in the kidneys?
A) progesterone
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) aldosterone
D) atrial natriuretic peptide

B) antidiuretic hormone

85) The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the
result of ________.
A) control of the acids produced in the stomach
B) the control of respiratory ventilation
C) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney
tubule cells
D) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach

B) the control of respiratory ventilation

86) Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?
A) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased
capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
C) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion
D) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water
content is high

C) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

87) The regulation of sodium ________.
A) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus
B) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration
C) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion
in the kidneys
D) is linked to blood pressure

D) is linked to blood pressure

88) Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing
rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the
following is most likely?
A) metabolic acidosis
B) metabolic alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
D) respiratory alkalosis

A) metabolic acidosis

89) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an
abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?
A) respiratory alkalosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) metabolic alkalosis

D) metabolic alkalosis

90) One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.
A) a rise in plasma osmolality
B) a dry mouth from high temperatures
C) drinking caffeinated beverages
D) becoming overly agitated

A) a rise in plasma osmolality

91) Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French
fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this
much salt affect her physiology?
A) She will experience hypotension.
B) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher
side of the pH scale.
C) It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood.
D) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

D) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

92) The most important force causing net water flow across capillary
walls is ________.
A) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
C) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure

B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

93) Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?
A) membrane polarity
B) amount of body fat
C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF
D) neuromuscular excitability

B) amount of body fat

94) The regulation of potassium balance ________.
A) includes renal secretion, but never absorption
B) is not linked to sodium balance
C) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms
D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium