1) Mucosa.
Answer: A
2) Duodenal glands found here.
Answer: B
3) Smooth muscle layer.
Answer: C
4) MALT found here.
Answer: B
5) Serosa.
Answer: D
6) Area of the lamina propria.
Answer: A
7) Continuation of the mesentery.
Answer: D
8) Absorptive cells that line the intestinal tract.
Answer: B
9) Cell type specialized to secrete mucus into the lumen of the
intestinal tract.
Answer: D
10) Structures that increase the absorptive area of the small intestine.
Answer: A
11) Wide lymph capillary located in the villus.
Answer: C
12) Paneth cells are found here.
Answer: E
13) Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through
the alimentary tube.
A) Digestion
B) Hydrolysis
C) Peristalsis
D) Absorption
C) Peristalsis
14) Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into
simpler units.
A) Digestion
B) Hydrolysis
C) Peristalsis
D) Absorption
A) Digestion
15) Enzymatic breakdown of any type of
food molecule.
A) Digestion
B) Hydrolysis
C) Peristalsis
D) Absorption
B) Hydrolysis
16) Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of
the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph.
A) Digestion
B) Hydrolysis
C) Peristalsis
D) Absorption
D) Absorption
17) Produces enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs.
Answer: D Pancreas
18) Increases surface area for absorption via villi and microvilli.
Answer: B Small Intestines
19) Bacteria process undigested chyme from the small intestine.
Answer: E Large Intestines
20) Only digestive structure with three muscle layers.
Answer: C Stomach
21) Receives blood via the hepatic portal system.
Answer: A Liver
22) Contains the brush border enzymes that complete digestion of
carbohydrates and proteins.
Answer: B Small Intestines
23) Main function is to filter and process the nutrient-rich blood
delivered to it.
Answer: A Liver
24) Produces intrinsic factor.
Answer: C Stomach
25) Produces a mucoid barrier to prevent self-digestion.
Answer: C Stomach
26) Increases output of enzymatic-rich pancreatic juice.
A) Secretin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Gastrin
D) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
B) Cholecystokinin
27) Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions.
A) Secretin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Gastrin
D) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
A) Secretin
28) Increases HCl secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle.
A) Secretin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Gastrin
D) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
C) Gastrin
29) Stimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCl production.
A) Secretin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Gastrin
D) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
D) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
30) The relatively unchanging pressure in a filling stomach is due to
the contraction of the stomach oblique muscle layer.
FALSE
31) The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by
causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line,
as it passes through the small intestine.
TRUE
32) Gastric accommodation is an example of smooth muscle plasticity.
TRUE
33) Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body
are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence
of HCl.
TRUE
34) Stellate macrophages are found in the liver and are responsible
for removing bacteria and worn- out cells.
TRUE
35) The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and
is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.
FALSE
36) All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the
mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food
into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the
mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.
TRUE
37) Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein
digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.
FALSE
38) The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the
digestion of proteins.
FALSE
39) The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile
salts to be recycled back to the liver.
TRUE
40) The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.
TRUE
41) Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of
the small intestine.
TRUE
42) The submucosal nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to
the GI tract wall and controls GI motility.
FALSE
43) The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.
TRUE
44) Dentin anchors the tooth in place.
FALSE
45) The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
TRUE
46) The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
TRUE
47) Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
TRUE
48) The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the
stress- relaxation response is termed plasticity.
TRUE
49) The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found
in the spinal cord.
FALSE
50) The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is
distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or
acidic chyme.
TRUE
51) Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal
villi by active transport.
TRUE
52) Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where
it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier.
TRUE
53) Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus.
TRUE
54) Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.
TRUE
55) The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we
swallow food.
FALSE
56) When swallowing, the epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.
TRUE
57) Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of
hydrochloric acid.
FALSE
58) The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive
activity are located ________.
A) in the oral cavity
B) in the walls of the tract organs
C) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen
D) in the pons and medulla
B) in the walls of the tract organs
59) The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the
urinary tract
B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
C) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
D) distribute hormones throughout the body
B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
60) The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are
called ________.
A) digestion
B) secretion
C) absorption
D) ingestion
A) digestion
61) When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins, they must undergo
catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This
series of reactions is called ________.
A) absorption
B) mechanical digestion
C) chemical digestion
D) secretion
C) chemical digestion
62) The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract
in place are called ________.
A) lamina propria
B) serosal lining
C) mucosal lining
D) mesenteries
D) mesenteries
63) From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of
the alimentary canal are made up
of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
A) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa
B) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
64) Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the
stomach mucosal barrier?
A) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
B) production of intrinsic factor
C) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells
D) thick coating of bicarbonate- rich mucus
B) production of intrinsic factor
65) What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
A) pulp
B) cementum
C) enamel
D) crown
C) enamel
66) The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested
nutrients lie in the ________.
A) lamina propria
B) adventitia
C) serosa
D) submucosa
A) lamina propria
67) Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme- rich
pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
A) gastric inhibitor peptide
B) cholecystokinin
C) secretin
D) gastrin
B) cholecystokinin
68) Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
A) Bile functions to emulsify fats.
B) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of
worn- out RBCs.
D) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
B) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
69) The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced
by increasing the surface area of the
mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
A) the rugae and haustra
B) the vast array of digestive enzymes
C) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
D) Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches
C) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
70) Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.
A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.
B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear
after 13 months.
C) There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most
children have all 32.
D) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most
children have all 20.
D) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children
have all 20.
71) Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of
permanent teeth?
A) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of
primary teeth.
B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually
the last to emerge.
C) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the
last to emerge.
D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number
of lower permanent teeth.
C) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
72) Which of the following is not true of saliva?
A) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
B) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
C) cleanses the mouth
D) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus
A) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
73) The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
A) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
B) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells
C) parietal cells and glial cells
D) serous cells and mucous cells
D) serous cells and mucous cells
74) The solutes contained in saliva include ________.
A) only proteases and amylase
B) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
C) only salts and minerals
D) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals
B) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
75) In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the
stomach ________.
A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
B) is the only place where fats are completely digested
C) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
D) is the first site where absorption takes place
A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
76) Chyme is created in the ________.
A) mouth
B) small intestine
C) esophagus
D) stomach
D) stomach
77) Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of
the stomach?
A) parietal cells
B) mucous neck cells
C) serous cells
D) chief cells
A) parietal cells
78) Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and
somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly
into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize
and secrete these products?
A) mucous neck cells
B) enteroendocrine cells
C) zymogenic cells
D) parietal cells
B) enteroendocrine cells
79) There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase
occurs ________.
A) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small
intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients
B) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization
is required
C) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma,
sight, or thought
D) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are
powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time
C) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight,
or thought
80) Peristaltic waves are ________.
A) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract
B) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract
C) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one
point to another
D) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract
C) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point
to another
81) Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the
stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are
stimulated by the presence of ________.
A) starches and complex carbohydrates
B) simple carbohydrates and alcohols
C) fatty acids
D) protein and peptide fragments
D) protein and peptide fragments
82) Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
A) goblet cells of the small intestine
B) chief cells of the stomach
C) parietal cells of the duodenum
D) Brunner's glands
B) chief cells of the stomach
83) You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which
of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
A) cholecystokinin
B) trypsin
C) amylase
D) gastrin
C) amylase
84) The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver
and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the_______.
A) bile canaliculus
B) pancreatic acini
C) portal vein
D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
85) The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________.
A) denatured
B) diffusion
C) hydrolysis
D) active transport
C) hydrolysis
86) Short- chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat
molecules in milk are split by a specific
enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following
enzymes is responsible?
A) lipase
B) pepsin
C) rennin
D) cholecystokinin
A) lipase
87) Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.
A) rennin
B) hydrochloric acid
C) pepsinogen
D) mucin
B) hydrochloric acid
88) Hepatocytes do not ________.
A) detoxify toxic chemicals
B) process nutrients
C) produce digestive enzymes
D) store fat- soluble vitamins
C) produce digestive enzymes
89) Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
A) enterogastric
B) gastric
C) cephalic
D) intestinal
A) enterogastric
90) Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
A) C
B) B12
C) K
D) A
B) B12
91) Chief cells ________.
A) produce HCl
B) produce pepsinogen
C) produce mucin
D) produce gastrin
B) produce pepsinogen
92) Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler
compounds by the process of ________.
A) anabolism
B) mastication
C) fermentation
D) catabolism
D) catabolism
93) The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with
macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
A) liver
B) pancreas
C) spleen
D) stomach
A) liver
94) If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an
obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the _____.
A) muscularis externa
B) submucosa
C) serosa
D) mucosa
C) serosa
95) Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if
the liver were severely damaged?
A) starches
B) carbohydrates
C) proteins
D) lipids
D) lipids
96) The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
A) canine tooth
B) incisor tooth
C) molar tooth
D) premolar tooth
A) canine tooth
97) The lamina propria is composed of ________.
A) loose connective tissue
B) dense regular connective tissue
C) reticular connective tissue
D) dense irregular connective tissue
A) loose connective tissue
98) Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in
the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
A) peptides
B) low acidity
C) carbohydrates
D) distention
C) carbohydrates
99) The function of goblet cells is to ________.
A) provide protection against invading bacteria and other
disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
B) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract
close to neutral
D) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from
the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
D) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the
effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
100) Which of the following is an essential role played by large
intestine bacteria?
A) absorb bilirubin
B) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
C) synthesize vitamins C and D
D) produce gas
B) synthesize vitamin K and B- complex vitamins
101) Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
A) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
B) somatic neurons in the spinal cord
C) the rubrospinal tracts
D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
A) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
102) Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that
contain taste buds?
A) circumvallate and filiform
B) palatine and circumvallate
C) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
D) fungiform and circumvallate
D) fungiform and circumvallate
103) Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
A) parietal cells
B) enteroendocrine cells
C) mucous neck cells
D) zymogenic cells
A) parietal cells
104) Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
A) trypsin
B) dextrinase
C) lipase
D) amylase
A) trypsin
105) Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which
part of the body?
A) salivary glands
B) oral cavity
C) nasal cavity
D) esophagus
B) oral cavity
106) A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that
contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________.
A) bile
B) pancreatic juice
C) gastric juice
D) intestinal juice
A) bile
107) The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels,
lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________.
A) muscularis externa
B) mucosa
C) submucosa
D) serosa
C) submucosa
108) Which of the following is not characteristic of the large
intestine? It ________.
A) does not contain villi
B) is longer than the small intestine
C) has pocket- like sacs called haustra
D) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli
B) is longer than the small intestine
109) What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin
production in RBCs?
A) gastric lipase
B) HCl
C) pepsinogen
D) intrinsic factor
D) intrinsic factor
110) How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the
intestinal villa?
A) simple diffusion
B) bulk flow
C) active transport
D) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
111) Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
A) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
B) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased
secretion of gastric juice.
C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered
the mouth.
D) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control
of gastric secretion.
C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
112) Paneth cells ________.
A) secrete digestive enzymes
B) secrete bicarbonate ions
C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
D) secrete hormones
C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria