1) Main (primary) bronchus.
Answer: D
2) Pharynx.
Answer: A
3) Larynx.
Answer: B
4) Carina of trachea.
Answer: E
5) Trachea.
Answer: C
6) Tidal volume.
Answer: B
7) Inspiratory reserve volume.
Answer: A
8) Residual volume.
Answer: D
9) Expiratory reserve volume.
Answer: C
10) Air that does not participate in the exchange of gases.
Answer: D
11) No exchange of gases occurs here.
A) Alveolar duct
B) Type I cells
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Type II cells
E) Segmental bronchi
Answer: E
12) Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.
A) Alveolar duct
B) Type I cells
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Type II cells
E) Segmental bronchi
Answer: D
13) Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.
A) Alveolar duct
B) Type I cells
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Type II cells
E) Segmental bronchi
Answer: C
14) Composed of simple squamous epithelium.
A) Alveolar duct
B) Type I cells
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Type II cells
E) Segmental bronchi
Answer: B
15) Terminates in alveoli.
A) Alveolar duct
B) Type I cells
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Type II cells
E) Segmental bronchi
Answer: A
16) Composed of cuboidal cells.
A) Alveolar duct
B) Type I cells
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Type II cells
E) Segmental bronchi
Answer: D
17) The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane
of the capillary walls and ________.
A) Alveolar duct
B) Type I cells
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Type II cells
E) Segmental bronchi
Answer: B
18) TV + IRV + ERV + RV
A) Total lung capacity
B) Functional residual capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Inspiratory capacity
Answer: A
19) ERV + RV
A) Total lung capacity
B) Functional residual capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Inspiratory capacity
Answer: B
20) TV + IRV + ERV
A) Total lung capacity
B) Functional residual capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Inspiratory capacity
Answer: C
21) TV + IRV
A) Total lung capacity
B) Functional residual capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Inspiratory capacity
Answer: D
22) Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past
functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.
TRUE
23) The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the
receptors for the sense of smell.
TRUE
24) The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air
turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area
exposed to the air.
TRUE
25) The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the
bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The
bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
TRUE
26) Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm
even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
TRUE
27) Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the
pressure in the alveoli.
TRUE
28) During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves
into and out of the lungs with each breath.
FALSE
29) The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
TRUE
30) In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this
leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the
bronchial tree.
FALSE
31) Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
TRUE
32) The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the
bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
FALSE
33) Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
FALSE
34) The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
FALSE
35) Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing
expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an
increase in intra- abdominal pressure.
TRUE
36) Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
TRUE
37) Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
TRUE
38) The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
TRUE
38) The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
39) The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
FALSE
40) Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
TRUE
41) The Hering- Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response
that may cause overinflation of the lung.
FALSE
42) Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system
activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating
respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.
TRUE
43) As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to
dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows
more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be
generated (the Bohr effect).
FALSE
44) Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture
of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas
in the mixture.
TRUE
45) Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is
more basic.
FALSE
46) Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air.
They serve minor functions for exhalation.
FALSE
47) Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that
prevents air passage.
TRUE
48) The main site of gas exchange is the ________.
A) respiratory bronchiole
B) alveoli
C) alveolar sacs
D) alveolar duct
B) alveoli
49) The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.
A) length of the vocal folds
B) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
C) thickness of vestibular folds
D) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
B) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
50) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type
I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
A) secrete surfactant
B) replace mucus in the alveoli
C) trap dust and other debris
D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
A) secrete surfactant
51) Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air
moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
A) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere
C) greater than the intra- alveolar pressure
D) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
D) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
52) Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no
muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on
two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
A) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during
inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant
B) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted
during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall
C) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during
inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of
alveolar fluid
D) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
C) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during
inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of
alveolar fluid
53) Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
A) surface tension of water
B) C- shaped cartilage rings
C) surfactant production
D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
B) C- shaped cartilage rings
54) Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
A) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
B) negative pressure in the intrapleural space
C) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
D) pressure within the pleural cavity
A) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
55) The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described
by ________.
A) Henry's law
B) Dalton's law
C) Boyle's law
D) Charles' law
C) Boyle's law
56) The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is
the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the
mixture" paraphrases_______.
A) Henry's law
B) Boyle's law
C) Charles' law
D) Dalton's law
D) Dalton's law
57) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
A) humidifying the air before it enters
B) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other
environmental variations
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby
reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D) warming the air before it enters
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby
reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
58) For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must
be ________.
A) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
B) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
C) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in
the efficiency of gas exchange.
D) at least 3 micrometers thick
A) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
59) With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
B) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
C) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
D) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
D) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
60) The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy
person is ________.
A) alkalosis
B) acidosis
C) loss of oxygen in tissues
D) increase of carbon dioxide
D) increase of carbon dioxide
61) The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.
A) chloride shifting
B) the Haldane effect
C) the Bohr effect
D) ventilation- perfusion coupling
D) ventilation- perfusion coupling
62) In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
B) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
D) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
63) Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
B) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age.
C) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid.
D) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing.
A) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
64) Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull
the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
A) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
B) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface
tension of the alveolar fluid
C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
B) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface
tension of the alveolar fluid
65) Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate
ions from the RBC?
A) the Bohr effect
B) the Haldane effect
C) release of hydrogen ion
D) chloride shifting
D) chloride shifting
66) Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
A) squamous cell carcinoma
B) Kaposi's sarcoma
C) adenocarcinoma
D) small cell carcinoma
B) Kaposi's sarcoma
67) Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the
body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
A) external respiration
B) pulmonary ventilation
C) internal respiration
D) blood pH adjustment
D) blood pH adjustment
68) The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the
respiratory passageways is ________.
A) surfactant
B) air pressure
C) friction
D) surface tension
C) friction
69) Which of the following determines lung compliance?
A) airway opening
B) muscles of inspiration
C) flexibility of the thoracic cage
D) alveolar surface tension
D) alveolar surface tension
70) Tidal volume is air ________.
A) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
C) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
D) inhaled after normal inspiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
71) Which of the choices below determines the direction of
respiratory gas movement?
A) the temperature
B) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
C) solubility in water
D) partial pressure gradient
D) partial pressure gradient
72) Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
A) taking several rapid deep breaths
B) obstruction of the esophagus
C) getting very cold
D) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
D) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
73) The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable
air is the ________.
A) tidal volume
B) inspiratory capacity
C) expiratory reserve volume
D) vital capacity
D) vital capacity
74) Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which
of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?
A) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus.
B) Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not
need a mechanism for respiratory exchange.
C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
D) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary.
C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
75) Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
A) rising carbon dioxide levels
B) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
C) acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
D) rising blood pressure
D) rising blood pressure
76) Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
A) pons and midbrain
B) midbrain and medulla
C) medulla and pons
D) upper spinal cord and medulla
C) medulla and pons
77) The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is
called ________.
A) vital capacity
B) expiratory capacity
C) inspiratory reserve
D) reserve air
C) inspiratory reserve
78) Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
A) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
B) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
D) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
79) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through
all cell membranes by________.
A) active transport
B) osmosis
C) diffusion
D) filtration
C) diffusion
80) Select the correct statement about the pharynx.
A) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
B) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
C) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
D) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
A) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
81) The larynx contains ________.
A) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
B) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
C) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple
D) the thyroid cartilage
D) the thyroid cartilage
82) Which respiratory- associated muscles would contract if you were
to blow up a balloon?
A) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
B) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
D) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
D) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
83) How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
A) as carbonic acid in the plasma
B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the
red blood cells
C) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
D) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as
carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red
blood cells
84) Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
A) helps limit the spread of local infections
B) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits
between the lungs
C) helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
D) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
B) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits
between the lungs
85) Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
A) as bicarbonate ion in plasma
B) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
C) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
D) 7- 10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma
B) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
86) Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
A) thalamic control
B) temperature of alveolar air
C) stretch receptors in the alveoli
D) voluntary cortical control
D) voluntary cortical control
87) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
A) respiratory bronchioles
B) alveolar ducts
C) alveoli
D) alveolar sacs
C) alveoli
88) The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
C) atria and alveolar sacs
D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
89) Gas emboli may occur because a ________.
A) pilot holds her breath upon descent
B) diver holds his breath upon ascent
C) person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
D) person holds his breath too long
B) diver holds his breath upon ascent
90) Inspiratory capacity is ________.
A) functional residual capacity
B) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
C) the total amount of exchangeable air
D) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
D) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
91) Which center is located in the pons?
A) pacemaker neuron center
B) inspiratory center
C) expiratory center
D) pontine respirator group (PRG)
D) pontine respirator group (PRG)
92) The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
A) cleansing the air
B) as a passageway for air movement
C) as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
D) warming and humidifying the air
C) as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
93) A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the
respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.
A) 36 weeks
B) 28 weeks
C) 24 weeks
D) 17 weeks
B) 28 weeks
94) Which of the following statements is true regarding the
respiratory rate of a newborn? 94)
A) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and
female infants.
B) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow.
C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30
respirations per minute.
D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate,
approximately 40- 80 respirations per minute.
D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate,
approximately 40- 80 respirations per minute.
95) Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of
respiratory control.
A) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.
B) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the
medulla to provide inspiratory drive.
C) The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic
way to establish the pattern of breathing.
D) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition
from inspiration to expiration.
D) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition
from inspiration to expiration.
96) Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen
binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
A) temperature
B) partial pressure of oxygen
C) partial pressure of carbon dioxide
D) number of red blood cells
D) number of red blood cells
97) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall
are ________.
A) the smooth muscles of the lung
B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
C) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the
pleural cavity
D) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
C) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the
pleural cavity
98) The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual
goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
A) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is
higher at higher altitudes
B) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
C) temperature is lower at higher altitudes
D) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is
lower at high altitudes
D) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower
at high altitudes
99) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs
because of the ________.
A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose
B) porous structure of turbinate bones
C) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
D) action of the epiglottis
A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose
100) Which of the following is not possible?
A) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly
proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient
between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
C) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.
D) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.
B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
101) Select the correct statement about the physical factors
influencing pulmonary ventilation.
A) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to
perform adequate ventilation.
B) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action
will be required.
D) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action
will be required.
102) Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. 102)
A) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry
oxygen more efficiently.
B) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to
the lungs carries one molecule of O2.
C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-
carrying capacity.
D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs
might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs
might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
103) Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of
the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that
remain filled with air during exhalation?
A) coryza
B) tuberculosis
C) emphysema
D) pneumonia
C) emphysema
104) Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?
A) BPG
B) temperature
C) carbon dioxide
D) nitric oxide
D) nitric oxide