1) Heavy chain.
Answer: B
2) Light chain.
Answer: D
3) Variable region.
Answer: C
4) Constant region.
Answer: E
5) Antigen-binding site.
Answer: A
6) Area where B cells become immunocompetent.
Answer: C
7) Area where T cells become immunocompetent.
Answer: B
8) Area where activated immunocompetent B and T cells recirculate.
Answer: E
9) Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells.
Answer: D
10) Area where antigen challenge and clonal selection are most likely
to occur.
Answer: D
11) First line of defense.
A) Inflammatory response
B) Immune response
C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
D) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
12) Second line of defense.
A) Inflammatory response
B) Immune response
C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
D) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
A) Inflammatory response
13) Third line of defense.
A) Inflammatory response
B) Immune response
C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
D) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
B) Immune response
14) Innate defense system.
A) Inflammatory response
B) Immune response
C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
D) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
D) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
15) Adaptive defense system.
A) Inflammatory response
B) Immune response
C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
D) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
B) Immune response
16) Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen
A) Memory cell
B) Cytotoxic T cell
C) Regulatory T cell
D) B cell
E) Helper T cell
A) Memory cell
17) Absence results in no immune response
A) Memory cell
B) Cytotoxic T cell
C) Regulatory T cell
D) B cell
E) Helper T cell
E) Helper T cell
18) Forms antibody producing cells
A) Memory cell
B) Cytotoxic T cell
C) Regulatory T cell
D) B cell
E) Helper T cell
D) B cell
19) Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells
A) Memory cell
B) Cytotoxic T cell
C) Regulatory T cell
D) B cell
E) Helper T cell
B) Cytotoxic T cell
20) Slows or stops the immune response
A) Memory cell
B) Cytotoxic T cell
C) Regulatory T cell
D) B cell
E) Helper T cell
C) Regulatory T cell
21) Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response.
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgD
E) IgM
A) IgG
22) Protects mucosal barriers.
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgD
E) IgM
B) IgA
23) Involved in allergies.
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgD
E) IgM
C) IgE
24) Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor.
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgD
E) IgM
D) IgD
25) First to peak during a primary immune response.
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgD
E) IgM
E) IgM
26) Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other
cells of the presence of virus.
FALSE
27) The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells
and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.
TRUE
28) Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is
called phagocytosis.
TRUE
29) The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.
TRUE
30) The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is
called chemotaxis.
TRUE
31) Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and
provoking an immune response are called antigens.
TRUE
32) Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
TRUE
33) A given pathogen will provoke either a cell- mediated response or
an antibody- mediated response but not both.
FALSE
34) Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular
metabolic rate and will not allow antigen- antibody reactions to occur.
FALSE
35) Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.
FALSE
36) Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They
must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
FALSE
37) Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.
TRUE
38) Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity
where the allergen enters the blood.
TRUE
39) Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
FALSE
40) A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign
red blood cells.
TRUE
41) Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its
own unique antibody genes.
TRUE
42) Antibodies cn act both intracellularly and extracellularly.
TRUE
43) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific
foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
TRUE
44) The classical complement pathway involves antibodies.
TRUE
45) Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
A) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
B) three binding sites per antibody monomer
C) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
D) carbohydrate structure
C) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
46) Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
A) exposure to an antigen
B) booster shot of vaccine
C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
D) infusion of weakened viruses
C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
47) Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
A) regulatory
B) antigenic
C) helper
D) cytotoxic
B) antigenic
48) B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
A) lymph nodes
B) bone marrow
C) spleen
D) thymus
B) bone marrow
49) Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
A) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
B) sets the stage for repair processes
C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
D) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
A) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
50) The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local
hyperemia caused by ________.
A) vasoconstriction
B) phagocyte mobilization
C) complement production
D) vasodilation
D) vasodilation
51) The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.
A) amino acid
B) sodium
C) disulfide
D) hydrogen
C) disulfide
52) In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible
for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
A) antibody
B) complement
C) interferon
D) antigen
D) antigen
53) Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false
or incorrect statement?
A) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus- infected body cells.
B) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens.
C) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and
red bone marrow.
D) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
D) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
54) The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are
attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
A) chemotaxis
B) diapedesis
C) margination
D) phagocytosis
A) chemotaxis
55) Small molecules that bind with self- proteins to produce
antigenic substances are called ________.
A) reagins
B) antibodies
C) ions
D) haptens
D) haptens
56) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis
B) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
C) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing
D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
B) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
57) Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?
A) insertion of MAC and cell lysis
B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
C) enhancement of inflammation
D) opsonization
B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
58) Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
A) some cancer cells
B) pathogens in the lumen of the stomach
C) foreign tissue transplants
D) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells
B) pathogens in the lumen of the stomach
59) Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?
A) B cells
B) Eosinophils
C) Macrophages
D) Basophils
C) Macrophages
60) Interferons ________.
A) are virus- specific, so that an interferon produced against
one virus could not protect cells against another virus
B) act by increasing the rate of cell division
C) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
D) interfere with viral replication within cells
D) interfere with viral replication within cells
61) Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign
substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?
A) Our genes
B) Memory cell production
C) Enzymes present at the time of the invasion D) The type of antigen
A) Our genes
62) Regulatory T cells ________.
A) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
B) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T
cells and activated B cells
C) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
D) aid B cells in antibody production
A) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
63) Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
A) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
B) Allografts are between different species.
C) Isografts are between identical twins.
D) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species.
C) Isografts are between identical twins.
64) Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity.
B) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins,
glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
C) Antigens only come from microbes.
D) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses
are called epitopes or antigenic determinants.
C) Antigens only come from microbes.
65) Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize
immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
A) Interleukin 1 proteins
B) Cytokines
C) Perforins
D) Interleukin 2 proteins
B) Cytokines
66) Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense
against microorganisms?
A) phagocytes
B) gastric juice
C) cilia
D) keratin
A) phagocytes
67) Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
A) reactivity with an antibody
B) inhibit production of antibodies
C) contain many repeating chemical units
D) small molecules
A) reactivity with an antibody
68) B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
A) reducing its size
B) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the
original B cell
C) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies
D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
69) T-cell activation requires ________.
A) antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation
B) antigen binding and antibody production
C) antigen binding and co-stimulation
D) antibody production and co-stimulation
C) antigen binding and co-stimulation
70) Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before
activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
A) natural killer cells
B) B lymphocytes
C) pinocytosis
D) T lymphocytes
A) natural killer cells
71) Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and
provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to
phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) diapedesis
D) opsonization
D) opsonization
72) Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive
immune system?
A) It has memory.
B) It is antigen- specific.
C) It is systemic.
D) It is specific for a given organ.
D) It is specific for a given organ.
73) Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the
following except ________.
A) pregnancy
B) rabies
C) juvenile diabetes
D) hepatitis
C) juvenile diabetes
74) Which of the following would be classified as a delayed
hypersensitivity reaction?
A) immune complex hypersensitivity
B) cytotoxic hypersensitivity
C) allergic contact dermatitis
D) anaphylaxis
C) allergic contact dermatitis
75) Innate immune system defenses include ________.
A) B cells
B) plasma cells
C) T cells
D) phagocytosis
D) phagocytosis
76) Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
A) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
B) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers.
C) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of
all body cells.
D) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-
presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated
by exposure to antigens.
D) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-
presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated
by exposure to antigens.
77) Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
A) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
B) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
C) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall
D) margination, which is the process of white cell movement
through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues
B) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
78) Fever ________.
A) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
B) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's
thermostat to a higher setting
C) is a higher- than- normal body temperature that is always dangerous
D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems
to inhibit bacterial replication
B) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's
thermostat to a higher setting
79) Immunocompetence ________.
A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system
B) requires exposure to an antigen
C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific
cell types respond to the invader
D) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific
antigen by binding to it
D) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen
by binding to it
80) Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune
attack on "self."
A) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
B) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only.
C) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens
that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues.
D) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated.
A) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
81) Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
A) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive
immunity into the body.
B) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of
adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from
another organism.
D) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization.
B) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of
adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
82) Cytotoxic T cells ________.
A) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations
B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on
the target cell in order to function
C) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
D) self- destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
C) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
83) Helper T cells ________.
A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin
B) function in the adaptive immune system activation
C) release B7 proteins
D) often function to decrease the immune response
B) function in the adaptive immune system activation
84) Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
A) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
B) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children.
C) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host
(GVH) disease.
D) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition.
A) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
85) Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
A) They are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms.
B) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from
mast cells and basophils.
C) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities.
D) They include allergic contact dermatitis.
B) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast
cells and basophils.
86) Delayed hypersensitivities ________.
A) do not involve T cells
B) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that
results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues
C) include allergic contact dermatitis
D) are mediated by B cells
C) include allergic contact dermatitis
87) Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
A) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
B) are a type of phagocyte
C) are also called cytotoxic T cells
D) are cells of the adaptive immune system
A) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
88) Select the correct statement about antigens.
A) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and
may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
B) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity.
C) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
D) "Self- antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens.
A) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may
therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
89) Clonal selection of B cells ________.
A) cannot occur in the presence of antigens
B) only occurs in the secondary immune response
C) occurs during fetal development
D) results in the formation of plasma cells
D) results in the formation of plasma cells
90) The primary immune response ________.
A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
B) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate
into plasma cells
C) occurs when memory cells are stimulated
D) is another name for immunological memory
B) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells
91) Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. 91)
A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders."
B) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies
provide protection.
C) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause
invading cells to clump together.
D) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
B) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies
provide protection.
92) Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
A) helper T cell
B) APC
C) cytotoxic T cell
D) B cell
A) helper T cell
93) Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
A) type II diabetes
B) glomerulonephritis
C) systemic lupus erythematosus
D) multiple sclerosis
A) type II diabetes
94) Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of
autoimmune disorders?
A) exposure of previously "hidden" self- antigens to the
adaptive immune system
B) cross- reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens
with self- antigens
C) a second exposure to an allergen
D) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not
previously present
C) a second exposure to an allergen
95) Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?
A) alternative pathway
B) lectin pathway
C) lactate pathway
D) classical pathway
C) lactate pathway
96) Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.
A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria
or other microorganisms
B) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution
C) cross- linking cell- bound antigens on red blood cells when
blood types are properly matched
D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause
cellular lysis
C) cross- linking cell- bound antigens on red blood cells when blood
types are properly matched
97) Which statement is true about T cells?
A) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
B) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines.
C) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates
a subpopulation of killer cells.
D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is
complexed with class II MHC proteins.
A) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
98) Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
A) direct cell lysis
B) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
C) neutralizing antigen
D) enhancing phagocytosis
A) direct cell lysis
99) What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria
B) activates the complement mechanism
C) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
D) activates the inflammatory process
C) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
100) Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
A) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific
foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
B) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells
are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
C) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent
are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are
referred to as secondary lymphoid organs.
D) T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with
recognized antigens.
B) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are
exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
101) Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface
of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?
A) IgG
B) IgE
C) IgA
D) IgD
E) IgM
D) IgD