Gliding
nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other
flexion (flex- = bend)
decrease in the angle between bones of a joint
extension (exten- = to stretch out)
increase in angle between bones of a joint
hyperextension (hyper- = excessive)
excessive extension movement beyond normal position
adduction (ab- = toward)
move part toward midline
abduction (ab- = away, duct- = to lead)
move part away from midline
circumduction (circ- = circle)
move a distal part of an appendage in a circle
rotation (rota- = revolve)
turn on a pivot with a circle
elevation
upward movement raising body part vertically
depression
downward movement lowering body part vertically
protraction (pro- = in front of; trahere= to draw)
move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane
retraction (retractare = to draw back)
move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane
supination (supine = lying on the back)
turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, if arm is outstretched,
turn palm downward
pronation (pronate = lying face downward)
turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is outstretched,
turn palm downward
inversion
turn the sole of the foot inward
eversion
turn the sole of the foot outward
dorsiflexion
point your toes upward; stand on your heels
plantar flexion
point your toes downward; raise your heels
rectus
ex: rectus abdominis
parallel to midline
transverse
ex: transverse abdominus
perpendicular to midline
oblique
ex: external oblique
diagonal to midline
maximus
ex: gluteus maximus
largest
minimus
ex: gluteus minimus
smallest
longus
es: adductor longus
long
brevis
ex: short
adductor brevis
latissimus
ex: latissimus dorsi
widest
longissimus
ex: longissimus dorsi
longest
magnus
ex: adductor magnus
large
major
ex: pectoralis major
larger
minor
ex: pectoralis minor
smaller
vastus
ex: vastus lateralis
huge
deltoid
triangular
trapezius
trapezoid
serratus
ex: serratus anterior
saw-toothed
rhomboid
ex: rhomboid major
diamond-shaped
orbicularis
ex: orbicularis oculi
circular
pectinate
ex: pectineus
comblike
piriformis
pear-shaped
platys
ex: platysma
flat
quadratus
ex: quadratus femoris
square, four-sided
gracilis
slender
flexor
ex: flexor carpi radialis
decreases joint angle
extensor
ex: extensor carpi ulnaris
increases joint angle
abductor
ex: abductor pollicis longus
moves bone away from midline
adductor
ex: adductor longus
moves bone closer to midline
leavtor
ex: leator scapulae
raises or elevates body part
depressor
ex: depressor labii inferioris
lowers or depresses body part
supinator
turns palm anteriorly
pronator
turns palm posteriorly
sphincter
ex: external anal sphincter
decreases size of an opening
tensor
ex: tensor fasciae latae
makes body part rigid
rotator
rotates bone around longitudinal axis
biceps
ex: bicepts brachii
two origins
triceps
ex: triceps brachii
three origins
quadriceps
ex: quadriceps femoris
four origins
fixators
stabilizing the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can
act more efficiently
agonist or prime mover
contracts to cause an action
antagonist
stretches and yields to the effort of the prime mover
synergists (syn- = together; -ergon = work)
contract and stabilize the intermediate joints