The study of the normal structure of tissues.
Histology
What tissue is composed of sheets of cells that cover or line body
surfaces and forms glands with little ECM?
Epitheleal tissue
They have ECM as their prominent feature. They bind, support,
protect, and transport substances through the body.
Connective tissue
They are composed of contractile cells with little ECM.
Muscle Tissue
It contains the cells that send and receive messagess as well as
supporting cells and ECM.
Nervous tissue
What provides a tissue with strength, regulates cell activity, and
anchors cells in place? It is composed of ground substance and protein fibers.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Ground substance contains three main components. What are they?
Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
Protein fibers are embedded within ground substance. There are three
types of protein fibers. What are they?
Collagen fibers - very resistent to tension and pressure.
Elastic fibers - both elastic and extensible.
Reticular fibers - very thin type of collagen fiber that form
interlacing meshworks in certain tissues
Cells are joined by cell junctions. There are three types of
junctions. What are they?
Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions
What are tight junctions?
A cell junction that makes the space between adjacent cells,
impermeable to macromolecules.
What are desmosomes?
A cell junction that anchors neighboring cells together to increase
the strength of a tissue with respect to mechanical stress.
What is a gap junction?
A cell junction that are small pores in the plasma membranes of two
adjacent cells that allow small substances to pass from the cytosol of
one cell to that of another.
What are the functions of epitheleal tissues?
The tissue that act as barriers between the body and the external
environment and between our organs and fluid filled cavities. These
tissues function in protection, immune defenses, secretion, transport
and sensation.
Describe the make-up of epitheleal tissue.
The cells are packed closely together and joined by tight junctions
and desmosomes. There are no blood vessels in epithelia (avascular),
and oxygen and nutrients must diffuse to the epitheleal cells from the
tissues deep to them, which limits their thickness.
The ECM of epitheleal cell or tissue is mostlly confined to which membrane?
The basal lamina or basement membrane, which anchors the epitheleal
tissue to the underlying tissues.
What is the "free edge" of an epitheleal cell or tissue called?
The apical surface
What is the edge of an epitheleal cell or tissue that is attached to
the basal lamina called?
Basal surface
What tissue has only one cell layer?
Simple epithelia
What tissue has two or more cell layers?
Stratified epithelia
What tissue has flat cells?
Squamous
What tissue has cube shaped cells?
Cuboidal
What tissue has column shaped cells?
Columnar
There are 4 types of simple epithelea. Name them.
Simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple
columnar epithelium, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Very thin epithelia that allows subsstances to cross it rapidly. It
is found in the air sacs of the lungs, the lining of blood vessels,
and the lining of part of the kidney tubules.
Simple squamous epithelium
The epithelia that allows substances to cross it rapidly. It is found
in certain kidney tubules, respiratory passages, and many glands.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
The epithelia that permits fairly rapid movement of substances across
it. It is found in much of the digestive tract, the gallbladder, the
uterine tube, and certain respiratory passages.
Simple columnar epithelium
The epithelia that appears to be stratified but consists of only a
single layer of cells. It is often ciliated, and is found in the nasal
cavity and the lining of certain respiratory passages.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Transport across simple epithelia may occur via ?
paracellular transport or transcellular transport.
What is paracellular transport?
Substances can leak between the cells in an epithelial membrane.
What is transcellular transport?
When a substance enters the cell through its phospholipid bilayer,
diffuses through the cytosol and exits through the other surface of
the cell.
Stratified epithelia provide a protective barrier. Name the 4 types
of stratified epithelia.
Stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium,
stratified columnar epithelium and transitional epithelium.
The epithelia which may or may not contain a keratinized layer.
Keratinized type is found in the skin, and its apical cell layers are
dead and filled with the protein keratin. Nonkeratinized type lines
the esophagus, mouth, throat, rectum and vagina.
Stratified squamous epithelium
The epithelia that lines the ducts of sweat glands.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
The epithelia that lines the ducts of certain glands, parts of the
male urethra, and the cornea.
Stratified columnar epithelium
The epithelia that is found only in the urinary system. Its cell can
change shape from dome-shaped to flattened when the tissue stretches.
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
There are two types of glands in the body. Name them.
Exocrine and endocrine glands
What gland release their product through a duct to an epithelial
surface? Most of their products have local actions.
Exocrine glands
What gland release their product into the bloodstream, and their
products can have actions on distant target cells in the body?
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands may be unicellular or multicellular. What is the most
common unicellular gland in the body?
The mucus-secreting goblet cell.
What two ways do the exocrine glands release their products?
Merocrine secretion and holocrine secretion.
What type of secretion, cells package their products into secretory
vesicles and release them by exocytosis?
Merocrine secretion
What type of secretion, cells accumulate their product in their
cytosol and release the product once the cell ruptures and dies?
Holocrine secretion
What are the functions of connective tissues?
To connect, bind, support, protect and transport.
There are two basic types of connective tissue. What are they?
Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue
What type of connective tissue cells may be resident cells or migrant cells?
Connective tissue proper
There are 4 types of cells in the connective tissue proper, which may
be resident cells or migrant cells. Name them.
fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, and phagocytes
The cell in the connective tissue proper which make ground substance
and protein fibers of the ECM.
Fibroblasts
The cells in the connective tissue proper which contain large lipid
droplets in their cytosol.
Adipocytes
The cells in the connective tissue proper which secrete chemicals
that cause inflammation.
Mast cells
The cells in the connective tissue proper which ingest foreign cells,
dead cells and other cellular debris.
Phagocytes
There are four types of connective tissue proper. Name them.
Loose connective tissue (areolar connective tissue),
Dense connective tissue (dense irregular connective
tissue, dense regular collagenous connective tisse, dense regular
elstic connective tissue), Reticular Tissue, and Adipose Tissue
The connective tissue proper found deep to the skin and as part of
the lining of body cavities and hollow organs.
Loose connective tissue, also known as areolar connective tissue.
The connective tissue proper features an ECM composed primarily of
protein fibers.
Dense connective tissue
The connective tissue proper that contains bundles of collagen fibers
arranged at various angles to one another, and is found in the skin,
around organs, and surrounding joints.
Dense irregular connective tissue
The connective tissue proper that contains parallel bundles of
collagen fibers, and is present in tendons and ligaments.
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
The connective tissue proper that contains parallel bundles of
elastic fibers, and is found in large vessels and certain ligaments.
Dense regular elastic connective tissue
The connective tissue proper that contains numerous reticular fibers
in its ECM that form weblike networks in the spleen and lymph nodes.
Reticular tissue
The connective tissue proper that is filled with adipocytes. It
insulates, warms, protects, and serves as the major energy reserve for
the body.
Adipose tissue
There are 3 specialized connective tissues. Name them.
Cartilage, bone and blood
The specialized connective tissue that is a tough but flexible tissue
that aborbs shock and is resistent to tension and compression.
Cartilage
What are the primary cells in cartilage?
The chondroblasts, which make the ECM and the chondrocytes, their
mature form.
There are 3 types of cartilage. Name them.
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage.
The type of cartilage which is smooth and found on the ends of bones
in joints, in the nose, in certain respiratory passages, and where the
ribs meet the sternum.
Hyaline cartilage
The type of cartilage which contains many bundles of collagen fibers
in its ECM, making it very tough, and is found in certain joints and
the intervertebral discs.
Fibrocartilage
The tye of cartilage which contains elastic fibers in its ECM and is
found in the ear and in parts of the larynx.
Elastic cartilage
The specialized tissue that contains collagen fibers, ground
substance, and calcium phosphate crystals.
Bone or osseous tissue
There are 3 cell types present in the bone. Name them.
osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
The type of cell in the bone which make up organic components of the ECM.
Osteoblasts
The type of cell in the bone which break down bone.
Osteoclasts
The type of cell in the bone which are mature osteoblasts surrounded
by ECM.
Osteocytes
The specialized connective tissue that is a fluid. Its ECM is called
plasma and consists of water, dissolved solutes, and proteins.
Blood
There are 2 main cell types found in the blood. Name them.
Erythrocytes (RBC) and leukocytes (WBC)
How are the cells of the muscle tissue specialized?
The cells of the muscle tissue are specialized for contraction by
turning the chemical energy ATP into the mechanical energy of movement.