1. and cells are similar in
their chemical composition and chemical reactions.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
2. cells lack
membrane-enclosed organelles(including a nucleus).
Prokaryotic
3. Peptidoglycan is found in cell walls but not
in cell walls.
Prokaryotic
4. cells have a
membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.
Eukaryotic
What are the characteristics of prokaryote?
one circular chromosome,not in membrane. No
histones No organelles Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell
walls Archaea: pseudodomurein cell walls Binary
Fission (Asexually reproduction
What are the Charcteristics of Eukaryotes?
Paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane Histones
Organelles poysacchaide cell wall Mitotic
Spindle
The prokaryote cell ( Bacteria species )
Differentiated by morphology Chemical composition
Nutritional requirements Biochemical activities
Source of energy
What are the prokaryote cells size um in diameter and um in length?
Average size : 0.2--1.0 um x 2--8 um
Which are the basic bacteria shapes ?
Coccus---spherical
Bacillus---rod-shaped Spiral---twisted
spiral---(Spirillum,Vibrio,Spirochete)
Most bacteria are
(only one shape)and few are (many shapes)
Monomorphic Pleomorphic
Exernal Structures of Prokaryotic Cell
Glydcocalyx : Sticky/Glue material Flagella:Help in
motility;attached to protein hooks;anchard to wall and membrane by
basal body. Fimbrige :Helps cells attach to surface;short
thin appendages. Pill : Helps cells attach;transfer DNA
from one cell to other,Gliding motility;twittering motiliy.
What are the Flagella relative long filamentous appendages consisting of?
filament,hook,and basal body
Flagellar protein functions as?
(H) antigen
What kind flagellum or flagella which are filamentous long filament
appendages that propel bacteria called?
Monotrichous (One hair) Amphitrichous (Hair at both
ends) Lophotrichous (Bundle of hair Peritrichous
(Hairs all over cell)
What are the arrangements for pairs,clusters and chains?
Diplococci,diplobacili (oo) Staphylococci
(grapes) Streptobacili (oooo)
What does the cell wall prevent and what is it made of?
Prevents osmotic lysis Made of peptidoglycan
(bacteria)
what is peptidoglycan consist of ?
Polymer of disaccharide: Protein > Sugars
N-acetylglucosamine: (NAG) N-acetymuramic acid:
(NAM)
What are the polymer consist of ?
Short chains of amino acid
Where does the Greek words for prokaryote cell and Eukaryote cell
come from?
Prenucleus
True nucleus
What do capsules help bacteria avoid?
Phagytosis
What does the prokaryotic flagella do to push the cell?
rotate
Which positive taxis and Negative taxis move, also what does the
motile bacteria exhibit ?
Positive taxis >Moves toward an attractment
Negative taxis >Moves away from repellent Taxis
What is the spiral cells that move by means of an axial filament
(endoflagellum) are called?
Spirochetes
Axial filament are similar to flagella except:
They wrap around the cell
What has short,thin appendages, help the cells adhere to surfaces and
join cells for the transfer of DNA from one cell to another?
Fimbriae and Pili Fimbriae Pili
What protect the cell from changes in the water pressure?
The cell wall surround the plasma membrane
What interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis?
Penicillin
Gram-positive cell walls consist of >
Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane Wall
teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan May regulate movement
of cations Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
Gram- positive cell wall>
Think (layers) Peptidoglycan Teichoic acids
2-ring basal body Disruped by lysozyme
Penicillin
Gram-negative outer membrane consist of >
Protection from phagocytes,complement,and antibiotics
O polysaccharide antigen,eg.,E. Coli 0157:H7 Lipid A is
an endotoxin Porins (proteins) form channels through
membrane Lipopolysaccaride >Lipoprotein
>Phospholipid Forms the periplasm between the outer
membrane and plama membrane
Gram-negative outer membrane consist of >
Thin peptidoglycan Outer membrane
Pepriplasmic space 4-ring basal body
Endotoxin Tetracycline sensitive
What are the proteins that permit small molecules to pass through
specific channel proteins move through the outer membrane?
Porins
What are the lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane
consist of? Lipid A is a ?
Sugars (O polysaccharides),which function as antigens and Lipid
A Endotoxin
How do you prepare for a smears for staining?
Staining: coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes
certain structures Smear: a thin film of a solution of
microbes on a slide A smear is usually fixed to attach the
microbes to the slide and to kill the microbes
What is a simple stains?
Simple stain: Use of a single basic dye A mordant may
be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it
What is a Gram stain?
Classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative
Gram-positive bacteria tend to be killed by penicillin and
detergents Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to
antibiotics
What are the colors of Gram-positive cells stains?
Primary Stain: (Crystal Violet): purple Mordant
(Iodine): purple Decolorizing Agent (Alcohol-Acetone):
purple Counterstain (Safranin):Purple
What are the Gram-negative cells stains?
Primary Stain: (Crystal Violet): Purple Mordant
(Iodine): purple Decolorizing Agent (Alchol-Acetone):
colorless Counterstain (Safranin): red
What acid is use to identify all bacteria of the genus?
Acid-fast cell walls Like gram-positive cell
walls Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
Mycobacterium Nocardia
What are the atypical cell walls?
Mycobacterium> lack cell wall> sterols in plasma
membrane Archaea >wall-less, or > walls of pseudomurein
(lack NAM and D-amino acids)
What stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol?
Mycobacterium Nocardia
What special stains used to distinguish parts of the cell?
Capsule stain Endospore stain Flagellan
stain
What do one used for endospore staing?
Primary stain: malachite green,usually with heat
Decolorize cells: water Counterstain: safranin
What combines with peptidoglycan?
Crystal violet-iodine complex
What removes the lipid outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and
washes out the crystal violet?
Decolorizer
What is a bacterial genus that naturally lacks cell walls?
Mycoplasma
What does Archaea have,and lack peptidoglycan?
pseudomurein
What Acid-fast cell walls have a layer of ?
Mycolic acid outside a thin peptidoglycan layer.
What can digest disaccharide in peptidoglycan?
Lysozyme
What inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan?
Penicilli
Which gram-positive cell walls are almost completly destroyed by lysozyme?
Protoplast >are susceptible to osmotic lysis
Which gram-negative cell walls are not destroyed by lysozme?
Spheroplast > are susceptible to osmotic lysis
What are wall-less cells that swell into irregular?
L forms
What are the plasma membrane consist?
Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins Transmembrane Proteins
What can damage the plasma (CYTOPLASMIC) membrane?
Damage to the membrane by alcohols,quaternary ammonium
(detergents)and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell
contents
How many ribosome are in prokarytic ?
Protein synthesis 70s 50s +30s subunits
Why do inclusions accumulate certain nutrients called ( reserved deposit)?
Metachromatic-(granules volutin-phosphate reserves)
polysasccharide- (granules-energy reserves) Lidpid
inclusions-(energy reserves) Sulfur granules- (energy
reserve) Carboxysomes-(ribulose1,5-diphosphate carbxylase for
CO2 fixation
Gas vacuoles- (protein covered cylinders)
Magnetosome iron oxide (destroys
H2O2)
When essential nutrients are depleted,certain gram-positive bacteria
go into " rest" cells called?
(Endospores)
Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat,
chemicals Bacillus, Clostridium Sporulation:
endospore formation Germination:return to vegetative
state