Metabolism
the building and breaking down of chemical structures within the body
anabolism
is making more complex substances from simpler substances. In
other words converting small molecules into larger molecules.
Anabolism requires energy. Put glucose monomers to make
polymers
catabolism
is the opposite of anabolism. Catabolism is breaking down substances
into simpler components or converting large molecules into smaller
molecules. This often produces energy. Break down polymers to make monomers
negative feedback
the output reverses the original stimulus. This means that when
something happens to the body, it responds by doing something to
change what has happened. An example of this is when you eat a meal,
the glucose in your blood increases. When this happens, your pancreas
produces insulin to bring your glucose level back down. The body will
stop producing insulin when the glucose level is returned to the right level.
positive feedback
is when the output increases the original stimulus. This means that
there is an initial stimulus that takes place in the body causes a
response. This stimulus causes the body to produce chemicals to keep
the stimulus going. An example of this would be when a pregnant woman
begins contractions. The first contraction of the uterus causes the
fetus and placenta to produce oxytocin. As the amount of oxytocin
increases, the contractions increase which causes the production of
oxytocin. This cycle continues until the baby is born and oxytocin is
no longer needed
homeostasis
is the body�s ability to maintain the variables within a
certain range. An example of homeostatic regulation would
be blood glucose levels staying within a certain range.
mucous membrane
epithelial tissue lining the cavities that are open to the outside.
The digestive system is lined with mucous membrane
serous membrane
line the closed cavities of the body and the organs enclosed in these
cavities. This would be the lining on the outside of the heart. The
visceral serosa would be directly lining the heart. The pericardial
cavity would be next and then the parietal serosa would enclose the
pericardial cavity
Visceral Pluera
the pleura covering the surface of the lungs
Parietal Pluera
the pleura lining the inner chest wall and covering the diaphragm
Plueral Cavity
the serous membrane surrounding the lungs and the inner walls
of the chest
Cation
an atom or molecule that has lost one or more electrons. This
molecule would have a (+) when writing the molecule
anion
an atom or molecule that has gained one or more electrons. This
molecule would have a (-) when writing the molecule
isotope
is an atom with the same number of protons, but a different
number of neutrons.
isomers
are molecules with the same chemical formula, but different
shapes.
Mole
the amount of a substance with a weight in grams equal to the atomic
or molecular weight. One mole is 6.022x1023. If you have 1
mol of carbon it weighs 12.01 grams. Or vice versa, 12.01 grams of
carbon is 1 mol of carbon
Molarity
the number of moles of any one solute per liter
Osmolarity
the total number of moles in a solute concentration per liter
Monomer
a molecule that can be bound together with identical molecules
to form a polymer.
Polymers
a group of similar molecules that can be broken down to form monomers
Polar Molecule
one side of the molecule would tend to be negative while the other
side would tend to be positive. They would dissolve in water
Nonpolar molecule
have the same charge on each side of the molecule. They would have
equal sharing
Enzyme
does not get destroyed or used up. The enzyme is not part of
the chemical reaction, but is used to aid in speeding up the
reaction.
Chemical equilibrium
forward and reverse chemical reaction are happening at the same rate
and the ratio of the products and reactants doesn�t change.
Osmosis
the net diffusion of water when two solutions with different solute
concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis occurs until water has crossed the membrane from low solute
concentration to high solute concentration and is equal on both sides
Primary Active Transport
uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane. An
example is sodium potassium pump
Secondary Active Transport
has an indirect energy requirement.
An example would be sodium coupled glucose transport
Simple Diffusion
some nonpolar and lipid soluble substances can diffuse directly
through the lipid layer. Molecules in simple diffusion move down the
concentration gradient.
Fascilitated Diffusion
molecules move only with the aid of an integral protein. The
molecules move down the concentration gradient, but it does not
require energy
hypotonic solution
one having a lower solute concentration than the blood. A cell will
gain water if placed in hypotonic solution
Isotonic Solution
one with the same solute concentration as the blood. A cell will
neither gain nor lose water in an isotonic solution
Hypertonic Solution
one having a higher solute concentration than the blood. A cell will
lose water if placed into a hypertonic solution
Na+ K+ ATPase
sodium- potassium exchange pump. The potassium exchange pump is an
enzyme embedded in the cell membrane. The function of the
sodium-potassium pump is to exchange move three sodium out of the cell
while bringing two potassium into the cell. It is a primary active
transport by using energy
Transcription
the process by which genetic information represented by a sequence of
DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of RNA,
with the DNA serving as a template
Translation
the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins. In
translation, messenger RNA (mRNA)�produced by
transcription from DNA�is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific
amino acid chain, or polypeptide
Cell Membrane
consists of phospholipids, integral membrane proteins, and
cholesterol.