1) All of the following are true of the nervous system
except that it does not
A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond
specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of
neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E)
function independently of the endocrine system.
E) function independently of the endocrine system.
2) Endocrine cells
A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their
secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their
secretions directly into body fluids such as blood. D)
contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue
cells.
C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.
3) ________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and
transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific
cells in other tissues.
A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C)
Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E)
Antigens
A) Hormones
4) A hormone might
A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby
affecting what can go through it. B) depolarize a skeletal
muscle cell. C) interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal
synapse. D) inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a
cell. E) block the production of a cell membrane.
A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby
affecting what can go through it.
5) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
A) lipids. B) peptides. C)
steroids. D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
E) derivatives of reproductive glands.
D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
6) Peptide hormones are
A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the
suprarenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid
tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to
cholesterol.
A) composed of amino acids.
7) A kinase is an enzyme that performs
A) phosphorylation. B) as a membrane
channel. C) active transport. D) protein
synthesis. E) as an antibody.
A) phosphorylation
8) An activated G protein can trigger
A) the activation of adenyl cyclase. B) the
opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. C) the
release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. D) a
fall in cAMP levels. E) All of the answers are
correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
9) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the
intracellular protein
A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C)
calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E)
calcitropin.
C) calmodulin.
10) Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.
A) cellular B) tissue C) organ
D) organismic E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
11) Why is it that steroid hormones use receptors inside of target
cells, whereas protein, peptide, and amino acid hormones do not?
A) Steroids can cross the cell membrane because they are lipids
and the membrane is lipid.
B) Amino acids and peptide hormones do not have a 3 dimensional
structure that can bind to internal receptors.
C) Cells are full of steroid molecules so it is easy for steroid
molecules to enter.
D) The target cells affected by steroid hormones have all of
their receptors in the cell cytoplasm.
E) All of the answers are correct
A) Steroids can cross the cell membrane because they are lipids
and the membrane is lipid.
12) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.
A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C)
renal D) muscular E) hepatic
A) endocrine
13) A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).
A) one B) two C) hypothalamic
D) gonadotropic E) tropic
A) one
14) Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and
thus acts as a second messenger?
A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine
D) cyclic AMP E) TSH
D) cyclic AMP
15) All of the following are true of steroid hormones
except that they
A) are produced by the suprarenal medulla. B) are
derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive
glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are
lipids.
A) are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
16) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative
except
A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C)
thyroid hormone. D) testosterone. E)
melatonin.
D) testosterone.
17) Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C)
eicosanoids D) thyroid E) catecholamines, peptide
hormones, and eicosanoids
E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
18) Steroid hormones
A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell
membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their
target cells. D) act on target cells by turning on
genes. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the
plasma.
C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
19) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the
surface of a cell, the
A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D) cell becomes inactive.
E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the
activity of DNA.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
20) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their
chemistry. These categories include
A) peptides. B) steroids. C)
eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) All of
the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
21) Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect
A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of
enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion
channels. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct
22) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a
cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenyl
cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion
levels.
D) a G protein.
23) When adenyl cyclase is activated,
A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed.
C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is produced.
E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed
24) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
A) adenyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic
nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are
phosphylated. D) gene transcription is initiated.
E) protein kinases are activated.
D) gene transcription is initiated.
25) The most complex endocrine responses involve the
A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C)
suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus
gland.
D) hypothalamus.
26) Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
A) blood level of an ion like calcium B) blood
level of glucose C) blood level of a hormone D)
nervous stimuli E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
27) Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and
therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?
A) insulin B) epinephrine C)
cortisol D) calcitriol E) insulin and
epinephrine
E) insulin and epinephrine
28) All target cells
A) have hormone receptors. B) respond to
electrical signals. C) secrete hormones. D)
produce their own hormones. E)are in the blood.
A) have hormone receptors.
29) If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which
of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?
A) growth hormone B) glucagon C)
cortisol D) thyroxine E) leptin
B) glucagon
30) Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would
decrease its level of
A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) thyroid
hormone. D) cAMP. E) progesterone.
D) cAMP.
31) Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would
have which of the following results?
A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH
secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss
of emotional response E) loss of loss of regulatory factor
secretion
A) loss of ADH secretion
32) The primary function of ADH is to
A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.
B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C)
decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive
absorption. E) delay urination.
B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
33) If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus
would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the
following hormones?
A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH and
OXT E) TSH, ACTH, PRL
E) TSH, ACTH, PRL
34) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin.
D) TSH. LH.
B) ADH
35) The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by
A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic
control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a
tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH
in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.
C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
36) Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus manufacture
A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH
and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and
GHRH.
C) ADH and oxytocin.
37) Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release
A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D)
GH. E) All of the answers are correct
E) All of the answers are correct
38) The hypophyseal portal system
A) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the
anterior pituitary. B) has two capillary plexuses connected
by short veins. C) carries neurosecretions to the anterior
lobe of the pituitary. D) carries ADH and oxytocin.
E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct
39) The main action of antidiuretic hormone is
A) increased water conservation by kidneys. B) to
stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin. C) increase urine
output to remove excess fluid. D) increased blood pressure
by increased Na+ reabsorption. E) inhibition of
aldosterone.
A) increased water conservation by kidneys.
40) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C)
gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes
insipidus.
C) gigantism.
41) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if
hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C)
insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine
D) growth hormone
42) Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?
A) prostate B) ductus deferens C)
mammary glands D) uterus E) All of the answers
are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct
43) The posterior pituitary gland secretes
A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D)
ADH. E) MSH.
D) ADH.
44) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the
adenohypophysis during early childhood is
A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D)
MSH. E) ACTH.
D) MSH.
45) Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis
of the adenohypophysis except
A) FSH. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D)
corticotropin. E) somatotropin.
B) oxytocin.
46) The hormone oxytocin
A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is
responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C) triggers prostate gland contraction. D) is produced
in the hypothalamus. E) All of the answers are
correct
E) All of the answers are correct
47) Growth hormone does all of the following except
A) promote bone growth. B) promote muscle
growth. C) speed up metabolism. D) spare
glucose. E) promote amino acid uptake by cells.
C) speed up metabolism.
48) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C)
hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E)
glucocorticoids.
D) somatomedins
49) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid
hormone from the thyroid gland is
A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D)
LH. E) GH.
A) TSH.
50) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of
glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is
A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D)
LH. E) GH.
B) ACTH.
51) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries
and sperm development in testes is
A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D)
LH. E) GH.
C) FSH.
52) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of
progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D)
LH. E) GH.
D) LH.
53) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the
mammary glands is
A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone.
D) FSH. E) prolactin.
E) prolactin
54) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication
by accelerating protein synthesis is
A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin.
D) insulin. E) somatotropin.
E) somatotropin.
55) The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D)
STH. E) ADH.
E) ADH
56) After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an
intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine.
The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following
hormones. Which one?
A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C)
renin D) ADH E) cortisol
E) cortisol
57) The term used to describe excess production of urine is
A) polyuria. B) polydipsia. C)
hematuria. D) glycosuria. E) diabetes
insipidis.
A) polyuria
58) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human
pars intermedia
A) during pregnancy. B) in very young
children. C) during fetal development. D) in
some disease processes. All of the answers are
correct
E) All of the answers are correct
59) The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E)
16
D) 9
60) PRL is to ________ as ADH is to ________.
A) prolactin; vasopressin B) oxytocin;
mammotropin C) gonadotropin; mammotropin D)
oxytocin; cortisol
A) prolactin; vasopressin
61) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous
drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing
hormone. D) none; only extra fluids are needed. E)
both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.
A) oxytocin
67) Which of the following elements is necessary for the production
of thyroid hormone?
A) sodium B) iodine C) potassium
D) iron E) colloid
B) iodine
68) Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone
that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?
A) alpha cells B) osteoclasts C)
osteoblasts D) C cells E) All cells in the body,
especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells.
C) osteoblasts
69) Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on
peripheral tissues?
A) increased oxygen consumption B) increased heart
rate C) increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation
D) increased body temperature E) All of the answers are
correct
E) All of the answers are correct
70) Thyroid hormone contains the element
A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron.
D) iodine. E) zinc.
D) iodine
71) Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be
signs of
A) hyperthyroidism. B) hypothyroidism. C)
hyperparathyroidism. D) hypoparathyroidism. E)
diabetes insipidus
B) hypothyroidism
72) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic
rate and thus impacting body temperature is
A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C)
calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E)
glucagon.
B) thyroxine
73) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C)
calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.
C) calcitonin.
74) The condition known as hirsutism can result from too
A) much insulin. B) little TSH. C) much
ACTH. D) much androgen production. E) little
glucagon.
D) much androgen production
75) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin.
D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine
C) calcitonin
76) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased
levels of calcium ion in the blood.
A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH
D) aldosterone E) cortisol
C) PTH
77) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine
take place?
A) in lysosomes B) in rough endoplasmic
reticulum C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle D)
in pinocytotic vesicles E) in apical microvilli
C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
78) TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
A) inhibition B) synthesis C) release
D) inhibition and secretion E) synthesis and
release
E) synthesis and release
79) The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct
________ regulation.
A) endocrine B) pancreatic C)
homeostatic D) hepatic E) vascular
A) endocrine
80) Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to
A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C)
myxedema. D) high blood levels of TSH. E) All of the
answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct
81) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid
gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.
C) thyroid gland.
82) The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all the
following steps except
A) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma
membrane. B) transport into the target cell. C)
binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein. D) activation
of a specific gene. E) activation of a G protein.
A) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane.
83) Which of the following is not an action of TSH?
A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion B) stimulates
iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells C) inhibits T3
and T4 secretion D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by
thyroid follicle cells E) increases cyclic AMP
concentration within thyroid follicle cells
C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion
84) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led
to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle
contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which
hormone is lacking?
A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid
glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid
hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E)
parathyroid glands; levothyroxine
C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
85) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit
osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D)
stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the
kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the
kidneys.
C) build up bone.
86) The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth
hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid
hormone.
D) parathyroid hormone
87) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D)
increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E)
increases the level of glucose in the blood
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
88) The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces
A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C)
mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E)
norepinephrine.
A) androgens.
89) The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces
A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C)
mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E)
norepinephrine.
B) glucocorticoids.
90) The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces
A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C)
mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E)
norepinephrine.
C) mineralocorticoids
91) The suprarenal medulla produces
A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C)
mineralocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E)
corticosteroids.
D) catecholamines
92) A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C)
thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.
D) cortisol
93) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the
body is
A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C)
thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.
E) aldosterone.
94) Cushing's disease results from an excess of
A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone.
C) ADH. D) glucocorticoids. E)
epinephrine.
D) glucocorticoids
95) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of
Na+ is the action of
A) antidiuretic hormone. B) calcitonin. C)
aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin.
C) aldosterone
96) The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
A) synephrine and neosynephrine. B) epinephrine and
norepinephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone.
D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and
cortisol.
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine
97) Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex
would result in
A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B)
increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels
of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to
convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water
retention.
D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose
98) A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the
following except
A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. B)
the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. C) the level
of fatty acids in the blood. D) fatty acid metabolism by
muscle cells. E) ACTH levels.
E) ACTH levels
99) If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as
prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects
might this have on blood chemistry?
A) increase of insulin B) decrease of insulin
C) increase of blood glucose D) decrease of blood
glucose E) both an increase in insulin and an increase in
glucose
C) increase of blood glucose
100) Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes
A) goiter. B) diabetes mellitus. C)
diabetes insipidus. D) Addison's disease. E)
Cushing's disease.
D) Addison's disease
101) A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is
A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C)
cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin.
C) cortisol
102) Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C)
aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.
C) aldosterone
103) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects
of the sympathetic nervous system?
A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C)
insulin D) growth hormone E) acetylcholine
A) cortisol
104) Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps
the body adjust to stress?
A) thyroid B) adrenal (suprarenal) C)
pituitary D) pancreas E) thymus
B) adrenal (suprarenal)
105) Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
A) thyroglobulins B) mineralocorticoids C)
pancreatic hormones D) antidiuretic hormones E)
glucocorticoids
E) glucocorticoids
106) Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte
balance are
A) antidiuretics. B) calcitonin and parathyroid
hormone. C) mineralocorticoids. D) androgens.
E) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids
107) Which of the following is false concerning melatonin?
A) Exposure to light inhibits production. B)
Exposure to light stimulates production. C) It inhibits
releases of GnRH. D) It is produced by pinealocytes.
E) It is made from serotonin.
B) Exposure to light stimulates production
108) Which recommendation might be given by a doctor when counseling
a patient who is suffering from excessive melatonin production?
A) Spend time outside during the day when possible, eating
lunch, taking a walk, etc. B) Wear a special light made for
seasonal affective disorder patients on the head. C) Take
antidepressants. D) Do not take melatonin supplements from
the pharmacy as a sleep aid. E) All of these
recommendations might be made.
E) All of these recommendations might be made.
109) Melatonin is produced by the
A) thymus. B) pineal gland. C)
kidneys. D) skin. E) heart.
B) pineal gland.
110) Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except
that it
A) is a component of the epithalamus. B) is a
component of the hypothalamus. C) secretes melatonin.
D) contains pinealocytes. E) responds to light and
darkness.
B) is a component of the hypothalamus.
111) The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be
caused by
A) increased levels of melanin. B) increased levels
of melatonin. C) increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating
hormone. D) increased levels of gonadotrophins. E)
decreased levels of testosterone.
B) increased levels of melatonin
112) Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
A) glucagon; insulin B) somatostatin; insulin
C) insulin; glucagon D) glucagon; somatostatin
E) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin
A) glucagon; insulin
113) If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood
sugar could be corrected by injecting
A) glucagon. B) GHIH. C) thyroid
hormone. D) aldosterone. E) antidiuretic
hormone.
A) glucagon
114) The primary target(s) of insulin is/are
A) skeletal muscle fibers. B) adipocytes.
C) liver cells. D) cardiac muscle cells. E)
All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
115) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C)
insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone.
C) insulin.
116) In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,
A) blood glucose levels are very high. B) excessive
thirst is shown. C) glucose is present in the urine in
large amounts. D) a large excretion of urine occurs.
E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
117) Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
A) glycosuria B) ketoacidosis C) high blood
glucose D) low blood glucose E) polyuria
D) low blood glucose
118) Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland.
The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body
hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the
A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona fasciculata.
C) zona reticularis. D) suprarenal medulla.
E) pars intermedia.
C) zona reticularis
119) Which of the following statements is true about
the pancreas?
A) The pancreas lies over the top of the stomach. B)
The sole function of the pancreas is to produce hormones.
C) The pituitary gland produces stimulating hormones that
control the pancreas. D) The islets contain a variety of
different cells producing different hormones. E) The
pancreas stores glucose, which can be released into the blood.
D) The islets contain a variety of different cells producing
different hormones
120) When blood glucose levels fall,
A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is
released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose.
D) protein synthesis increases. E) calcitonin is
secreted.
B) glucagon is released
121) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
A) insulin. B) glucagon. C)
somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.
A) insulin
122) The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
A) insulin. B) glucagon. C)
somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.
C) somatostatin
123) Which of the following statements is true about
the pancreas?
A) The pancreas is tucked into the curvature of the small
intestine, underneath the stomach. B) The pancreas produces
enzymes for breakdown of foods. C) The main hormonal
function of the pancreas is control of blood sugar. D) The
pancreas affect's the functions of the liver. E) All of the
answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct
124) Type II diabetes is characterized by
A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin. B)
a decrease in secretion by pancreatic beta cells. C)
excessive secretion of glucagon. D) inadequate insulin
production. E) low blood-glucose concentration.
A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin.
125) Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle
fibers to take in glucose from the blood?
A) calcitonin B) cortisol C) insulin
D) glucagon E) parathyroid hormone
C) insulin
126) Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic
nervous system C) blood glucose concentration D)
hypothalamus E) tropic hormones from the pituitary gland
C) blood glucose concentration
127) All of the pancreatic hormones are regulated by
A) the adenohypophysis. B) the liver. C)
the neurohypophysis. D) the thyroid gland. E)
nutrient concentrations in the blood
E) nutrient concentrations in the blood.
128) Cells in the brain
A) can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation.
B) prefer fats to glucose for energy production. C)
are sensitive to insulin but not to glucagon. D) are very
sensitive to low concentrations of insulin. E) can store
glycogen, to be used later for glucose release
A) can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation
129) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its
target cells is
A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C)
insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin.
C) insulin
130) Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
A) acromegaly. B) goiter. C) diabetes
mellitus. D) diabetes insipidus. E) Addison's
disease.
C) diabetes mellitus
131) Which problem is related to untreated diabetes mellitus?
A) damage to the retina B) neuropathy C)
gastric ulcers D) goiter E) retinal problems and
nerve problems
E) retinal problems and nerve problems
132) Type 2 diabetes
A) can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than
with medication. B) is associated with an immune reaction
to the pancreatic cells. C) is a lack of insulin
production. D) is typically diagnosed in the very young.
E) is not as common as type 1 diabetes
A) can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than with medication.
133) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C)
erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E)
adrenaline.
A) angiotensin
134) The interstitial cells of the testes produce
A) LH. B) progesterone. C)
testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH.
C) testosterone
135) Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
A) estrogen B) progesterone C)
testosterone D) inhibin E) gonadotropins
A) estrogen
136) A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes
A) testosterone. B) progesterone. C)
aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) androstenedione.
B) progesterone
137) The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and
females is
A) testosterone. B) LH. C) inhibin.
D) aldosterone. E) somatostatin
C) inhibin
138) The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune
response are
A) thymosins. B) corticosteroids. C)
aldosterones. D) thyroxines. E) somatotropins.
A) thymosins
139) Which of the following hormones increases production of red
blood cells?
A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C)
thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrial natriuretic
peptide
B) erythropoietin
140) The kidneys secrete
A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C)
calcitriol. D) hormones to regulate sodium ion
concentration. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct
141) Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
A) bone marrow of the skeletal system. B) splenic
pulp of the lymphatic system. C) endothelial linings of the
cardiovascular system. D) hypothalamus of the nervous
system. E) epidermis of the integumentary system.
E) epidermis of the integumentary system
142) The heart secretes the hormone
A) progesterone. B) oxytocin. C)
thymosin. D) thyroxine. E) atrial natriuretic
peptide
E) atrial natriuretic peptide.
143) Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with
an increase in which of the following hormones?
A) somatostatin B) thyroxine C) growth
hormone D) sex hormones E) insulin
D) sex hormones
144) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general
adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C)
cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine.
E) epinephrine
145) You have just become the nurse manager of a nursing home and you
are reminding yourself about what problems your nursing home
population might have by studying your old pathophysiology books from
nursing school. Many of the residents are tired and have problems with
blood glucose levels. Which hormones might be related?
A) insulin B) cortisol C) GH D)
thyroid hormones E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
146) During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),
there is
A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin.
B) decreased mental alertness. C) mobilization of
energy reserves. D) increased urine release. E)
decreased rate of respiration.
C) mobilization of energy reserves
147) If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will
enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion
D) extension E) prolonged
B) resistance
148) Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the
A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C)
glucocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E)
gonadotropins.
C) glucocorticoids
149) During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),
A) lipid reserves are mobilized. B) proteins are
conserved. C) blood glucose levels fall drastically.
D) levels of growth hormone decrease. E) levels of
insulin decrease.
A) lipid reserves are mobilized
150) The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
characterized by
A) failure of electrolyte balance. B) increasing
ability to produce glucose from glycogen. C) increased
pumping effectiveness of the heart. D) a sharp increase in
motivation and energy. E) an increase in urine output.
A) failure of electrolyte balance
1) Which of the following statements is true about
paracrine communication?
A) It is used for the regulation of cell and organ
activities. B) Paracrine factors are rather similar to
hormones. C) Many cells produce paracrine factors.
D) The cells make local hormones, made by cells that affect
surrounding cells. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
2) The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex
can then activate enzymes.
A) prostaglandin B) leukotrieneiuretic factor
C) cyclic AMP D) calmodulin E) kinase
D) calmodulin
3) Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are
found in the cell membranes of target cells.
A) catecholamines B) carbohydrates C)
kinases D) genes E) acetylcholine
A) catecholamines
4) The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the
binding of hormones to ________ on target cells.
A) receptors B) endoplasmic reticula C)
genes D) membranes E) microvilli
A) receptors
5) Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.
A) stem B) pluripotent C) germ D)
target E) peripheral
D) target
6) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
A) basal ganglion. B) infundibulum. C)
adenohypophysis. D) mesencephalon. E)
neurohypophysis.
E) neurohypophysis
7) The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
A) basal ganglion. B) infundibulum. C)
adenohypophysis. D) mesencephalon. E)
neurohypophysis
C) adenohypophysis
8) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three
parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars
A) tuberalis. B) nervosa. C) pinea.
D) intermedia. E) magnus.
A) tuberalis
9) Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that
regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
A) tropic hormones. B) androgens. C)
somatotropins. D) immunogens. E) gonadotropins.
E) gonadotropins
10) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
A) isthmus. B) pars intermedia. C)
commissure. D) aqueduct. E) peninsula.
A) isthmus
11) The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and
store thyroid hormone.
A) tubules B) follicles C) ducts
D) capillaries E) plexuses
B) follicles
12) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
A) glutamic acid. B) epinephrine. C)
iodine. D) tyrosine. E) glycine.
D) tyrosine
13) The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and
triiodothyronine are
A) the cells of the parathyroid glands. B) the cells
of the pituitary gland. C) all cells of the body.
D) the cells of the ovaries and testes. E) the cells of
the thymus gland.
C) all cells of the body.
14) Which of the following statements is true
regarding the parathyroid glands?
A) The two glands straddle the larynx in the neck.
B) The gland sits over the heart. C) The parathyroid
gland contains the four thyroid glands. D) There are four
small glands. E) None of the answers are correct.
D) There are four small glands.
15) The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
A) adipose B) pineal C) androgen
D) renal E) suprarenal
E) suprarenal
16) The outer layer of the suprarenal gland is the
A) cortex. B) interstitial tissue. C)
medulla. D) stroma. E) capsule.
A) cortex
17) The inner portion of the suprarenal gland is the
A) cortex. B) interstitial tissue. C)
medulla. D) stroma. E) capsule.
C) medulla
18) The suprarenal cortex produces steroid hormones called
A) leukotrienes. B) prostaglandins. C)
corticosteroids. D) androgens. E)
somatotropins.
C) corticosteroids
19) Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on
the hypothalamus.
A) leptin B) grehlin C) lipase D)
glucagon E) adipocin
A) leptin
20) Hypogonadism could be caused by an insufficiency of hormones from the
A) ovaries. B) anterior pituitary gland. C)
testes. D) adrenal cortex. E) All of the answers are
correct.
E) All of the answers are correct
21) The hormone related to appetite control is
A) thymosin. B) brain natriuretic peptide.
C) melanin. D) leptin. E) erythropoietin.
D) leptin
22) Why might someone want to take erythropoietin in a non-medical situation?
A) to increase muscle mass B) to sleep C) to
increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina D)
to increase the chance of getting pregnant E) to increase
sex drive
C) to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina
23) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
A) antagonists. B) agonists. C)
resistors. D) synergists. E) adjuvants.
A) antagonists
24) Two hormones that have additive effects are called
A) antagonists. B) agonists. C)
resistors. D) synergists. E) adjuvants.
D) synergists
25) When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an
effect, it is called
A) a reflex. B) a causatum. C) an
aftereffect. D) permissive. E) a radical.
D) permissive
26) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
A) permissive. B) integrative. C)
radicals. D) synergists. E) antagonists.
B) integrative
27) The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is
A) epinephrine. B) acetylcholine. C)
steroids. D) androgen. E) glucagon.
A) epinephrine
28) The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to
stresses of different kinds is called ________ syndrome.
A) malabsorption B) serotonin C) general
adaptation D) Prader-Willi E) afferent loop
C) general adaptation